The Effect of Environmental Factors on Sister Chromatid Exchange Incidence in Domestic Horse (Equus caballus) Chromosomes

Abstract

The SCE test is often used as a sensitive and reliable technique in the biomonitoring of genotoxicity of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. This study analysed the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in domestic horse chromosomes depending on the habitat and age of the analysed horses. The chromosome preparations were obtained from an in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes stained using the FPG technique. Both the habitat and the age significantly influence SCE frequency. A higher SCE incidence was observed in horses that lived in a large urban agglomeration than in those from the country. Also, a higher SCE incidence was identified in the group of horses above 6 years of age in comparison with the younger ones. Additionally, the frequency of SCEs in the first, second and third chromosomes and the X sex chromosome were analysed in detail. More exposed to the effect of environmental pollutants, the horses from the urban environment developed more double and triple SCEs in comparison with the village horses. The urban horses also developed quadruple SCEs, in addition to the less frequent exchanges.

Spontaneous sister chromatid exchange in mitotic chromosomes of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

“…Few publications contain reports about statistically significant differences in SCE incidence between males and females (Margolin and Shelby 1985;Husum et al 2008;Szeleszczuk et al 2014). Comprehensive studies of farm animals have not confirmed the effect of the sex on SCE frequency (Iannuzzi et al 1991b;Di Meo et al 1993, 2000Ciotola et al 2005;Peretti et al 2006;Wo´jcik et al 2011Wo´jcik et al , 2013Wo´jcik et al , 2014Wo´jcik and Smalec 2012a). The present authors also did not observe significant differences in the mean number of SCEs between chinchillas of different sexes.…”

“…The distinctive secondary narrowing of one of the arms of the X sex chromosome has been described by Kuchta et al (2008), who stressed that this site is often vulnerable to breakage and dissociation in untoward conditions. Proximal SCEs have also been observed in the Chinese hamster (Martin and Prescott 1964), rat (Gibson and Prescott 1972), goat (Wojcik and Smalec 2012a), goose (Wo´jcik and Smalec 2012b), and chicken (Wo´jcik et al 2012). On the other hand, Latt (1974), in man, Iannuzzi et al (1991b), in cattle, and Arias (2000), in chickens, observed SCEs chiefly in the G-positive bands and negative interbands.…”

“…Such a correlation has also been identified in the horse. Considerable numbers of SCEs were located on the border between heterochromatin and euchromatin, with lower SCE numbers at heterochromatic sites (Wo´jcik and Smalec 2013). In Mus musculus, SCEs have been observed in the pericentromeric region.…”

“…A high SCE incidence has been identified in this chromosome area by Rudd et al (2007) (17%), by Wo´jcik and Smalec (2013) in horses (33%), Wo´jcik and Smalec (2012) in goats (24%), and Wo´jcik et al (2012) in chickens (20%). In cats, SCE mainly occurred in the distal part of the chromosomes (65%).…”

Immunophenotypic characterisation and cytogenetic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from equine bone marrow and foal umbilical cords during in vitro culture

“…For a more complete assessment of somatic mutagenesis of mesenchymal stem cells, a micronucleus test was performed. The formation of cells with micronuclei is the result of chromosomal ruptures or defects in the mitotic spindle, which is consistent with the manifestation of aneuploidy (15,18,19,(22)(23). The normal frequency of cells with micronuclei in mammals is 1.6‰-5.6‰ (8).…”