The effect of encoding on false memory: An examination in terms of levels of processing

Abstract

The present study attempts to investigate the e#ects of levels of processing on false memory. False recall and false recognition were induced by presenting participants with words closely associated with a critical lure, a nonpresented word. In the experiment reported here, participants engaged in either a deep processing task of estimating usage frequency or a shallow processing task of letter counting. The participants were tested in a recall test immediately after the study phase and in recognition tests both immediately and one week later. The results demonstrate that the participants who engaged in the deeper level of processing recalled and recognized significantly more list items, but not critical lures. Moreover, a reliable decrease in old or remember judgments for list items was obtained over the retention interval, but not for critical lures.

Analyses of the relationships between recognition accuracy and confidence ratings by subjective and nominal rates of old and new responses

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