The Effect of Emotion, Sham Rage and Hypothalamic Stimulation on the Vago-Insulin System

Gellhorn, E.; Cortell, Ruth; Feldman, J.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1941.133.3.532

Cited by 34 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Bilateral destruction of VLH was reported to result in a decrease of plasma insulin in rats [56] and genetically obese mice, with no change in normal mice [6]. Electrical stimulation of the VLH reportedly caused hypoglycemia [12,21,53] with its logical hormonal effects of increased plasma insulin [18,22,56]. However, other investigators did not find changes in fasting insulin level [11].…”

Section: E) Lh Control Of Glucagon and Lnsulin Secretion And Efferentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral hypothalamic control of metabolic factors related to feeding

Nicolaı̈dis

1981

Diabetologia

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Summary.States of hunger and satiety are under ischymetric (i. e., rate of cellular energy production) control which depends on both substrate availability and hormonal composition. The latter varies in response to external (olfactory, gustatory and gastrointestinal) stimuli sensed by specific receptors and projected on lateral hypothalamic (LH) units from which departs the descendant control pathway of metabolic glands. This neurohormonal loop is responsible for the anticipatory glycemic and other changes observed during a meal and the preabsorptive "satiation" ending the meal long before the postabsorptive cellular repletion will induce the state of more permanent "satiety". New data on LH "sweet" taste projection and hypothalamo-pancreatic control are shown and strengthen the above view.Key words: Oro-glycemic reflex, hypothalamic taste units, preabsorptive satiation, insulin, glucagon, metabolism. Ischymetric Dependence of Hunger and SatietyAlthough homeorheusis 1 of glycemia is achieved through continuous utilization of endogenous reserves, the ultimate source of replenishment is located in the environment and has to be behaviorally acquired. In fact, numerous observations of feeding in animals [25], and reports of hunger [28] in humans in relation to severe hypoglycemia led to the concept of a glucostatic mechanism of feeding and to its immensely seminal description as the glucostatic theory by Jean Mayer [23, 24]. The subsequent failure to explain persistent feeding in spite of large 1 Homeorheusis: the dynamic version of homeostasis, where rheusis (in Greek: flow) replaces stasis (in Greek: stagnation). It designates the maintenance of a value at a level which may vary, but only according to a biologically determined program, such as circadian or annual rhythms intravenous (iv) loads of glucose [1,2, 20, 51], together with the same reasoning for lipids and amino acids, led to other sorts of "molecular static" theories (for rev. see [59]). All of them were justified by some reasonably good experimental evidence. Today, this partial validation of all of the previous hypotheses is explained by the ischymetric (ischys: power or rate of energy production) hypothesis [34, 38] which proposes that the ultimate stimulus of the specific arousal of hunger is the drop below a critical level of power production in specific diencephalic cells sharing the general metabolism of the body.The hypothalamus can be considered from the metabolic point of view as a microcosm of the somatic macrocosm. Hypothalamic units are constantly informed of the repletion/depletion state of the inner milieu (for rev. see [44]) and, at the same time, of recent ingestants [31, 32]. Taking into account the actual situation of energogenic reserves (adipose and other) and potential repletion (ingestants), hypothalamic units produce their own metabolic hormones [14, 58] and modulate the release of metabolic hormones from peripheral glands. The hypothalamus receives much more information than the plasma-concentration-oriented pancreatic endoc...

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Section: E) Lh Control Of Glucagon and Lnsulin Secretion And Efferentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral hypothalamic control of metabolic factors related to feeding

Nicolaı̈dis

1981

Diabetologia

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“…Studies by Zunz and LaBarre 21 and by Gellhorn et al 22 suggest that hypothalamic stimulation may result in activation of the vago-insulin axis, but the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Reciprocal changes in blood glucose levels following stimulation of the ventromedial and ventrolateral hypothalamus in the rabbit have been shown by Shimazu et al 23 In addition, Kosaka and associates 24 have suggested an inhibitory influence on insulin secretion by cerebellar centers.…”

Section: Effect Of Vagotomy On Glucose-mediated Insulin Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Vagotomy and Vagal Stimulation on Insulin Secretion

1967

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The influence of the vagus nerve on insulin secretion in the dog has been confirmed by studies involving both vagotomy and vagal stimulation. Following vagotomy, a fall in portal vein insulin levels occurs. Following stimulation of both the right and left vagus, insulin levels rise abruptly, peak within five minutes and rapidly return to baseline levels. A small rise in blood glucose, which occurs simultaneously, cannot be blocked by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. When given alone, phentolamine stimulates insulin secretion. Atropine inhibits both the glucose and insulin rises following vagal stimulation. Only a portion of releasable insulin appears to be under vagal control. Glucose mediated insulin release and net glucose utilization are not significantly affected by vagotomy. DIABETES 16:443-48, July, 1967. The role of the nervous system in the control of blood glucose and of carbohydrate metabolism has been recognized for over ioo years, ever since Claude Bernard demonstrated the phenomenon of piqure hyperglycemia by stimulating the floor of the fourth ventricle of the dog and producing glycosuria. 1 More recent studies have suggested that certain nuclei of the ventral hypothalamus are also connected with the regulation of blood glucose inasmuch as lesions in this area produced either by electrical or chemical methods result in an obesity associated with hyperglycemia: 2 ' 3 In the study of the precise pathways by which the central nervous system mediates its influence, the importance of the autonomic nervous system has been long recognized. 4 The role of the sympathetic nervous system is that of producing an increase in blood glucose, and the effects appear to be mediated principally

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“…The specific affinity of the s. c. to glucose was confirmed in experi ments involving the action of gold thioglucose [37]. Apparently the f. c. can be selectively inhibited by a rise in blood sugar without interfering with the state of wakefulness.…”

Section: Hyperglycemia and Ulcer Formationmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…This is shown by the fact that under these conditions the blood sugar rises in normal but falls in adrenodemedullated animals. Since no change in blood sugar oc curs in adrenodemedullated-vagotomized animals [37] it is concluded that emotional stimuli and/or hypothalamic excitation call forth ergotropic and trophotropic excitation with the former predominating in the normal organism. The elimination of the adrenal medulla reveals the heightened insulin secretion provided that the vagi are intact.…”

Section: Hyperglycemia and Ulcer Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%