The effect of education on health: evidence from national compulsory schooling reforms

Fonseca, Raquel; Michaud, Pierre‐Carl; Zheng, Yuhui

doi:10.1007/s13209-019-0201-0

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Previous studies in this area share the consensus that older women have an elevated risk for depressive symptoms, are increasingly diagnosed with depressive disorders and are less positive with regard to their perceived health in comparison with men [ 41 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. In more stable standing, health literature has established the protective factor provided by education [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Our results confirmed this negative association with our health outcomes, where tertiary level education in particular showed larger magnitudes versus that for the secondary level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle with Cardio Metabolic Disease and Depressive Symptoms: A Study on the Elderly in Europe

Castelló

Tubianosa

2020

IJERPH

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Against a backdrop of an aging population in Europe, promoting health in older adults becomes a pressing issue. This study aimed to explore if correlations exist between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and specific health outcomes such as the incidence of chronic cardio metabolic illnesses and experiencing depressive symptoms for elderly individuals. We also looked into probable links between regularly engaging in vigorous physical activities and these health outcomes. Our goal was to clearly demonstrate these relationships while controlling for several individual characteristics and socio-demographic factors on a cross-national scale within Europe. Using the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data for adults aged 50 years and above, we found that following the Mediterranean diet was negatively correlated with the incidence of chronic illnesses, as well as with levels of depressive symptoms. These results were robust to the inclusion of a number of individual and socio-demographic controls. We also showed that regular participation in sports and other strenuous physical activities were associated with lesser chronic disorders and lower levels of depressive symptoms. These findings may have important implications in formulating preventive interventions on ensuring the quality of life of the older population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle with Cardio Metabolic Disease and Depressive Symptoms: A Study on the Elderly in Europe

Castelló

Tubianosa

2020

IJERPH

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“…The genetic risk score of these SNPs explained 2.0% of the variance in childhood BMI [19]. To avoid potential confounding, we looked up each instrument SNP and their proxies (r 2 > 0.8) in the PhenoScanner GWAS database (http://phenoscanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk) [28,29] to assess any previous associations (P < 0.0033 (0.05/15)) with 4 plausible confounders selected based on previously published studies: birth weight [19,30,31], years of educational attainment and age completed full time education [32][33][34], and maternal smoking around birth [35][36][37][38]. Two SNPs were associated with a potential confounder (rs12041852, maternal smoking around birth, P = 7.43 × 10 −5 ; rs12507026 (in LD with rs13130484), years of educational attainment, P = 0.0028), resulting a set of 13 SNPs for further analysis.…”

Section: Instruments Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

et al. 2021

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Background Childhood obesity is reported to be associated with the risk of many diseases in adulthood. However, observational studies cannot fully account for confounding factors. We aimed to systematically assess the causal associations between childhood body mass index (BMI) and various adult traits/diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods After data filtering, 263 adult traits genetically correlated with childhood BMI (P < 0.05) were subjected to MR analyses. Inverse-variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods were used to estimate the causal effects. Multivariable MR analysis was performed to test whether the effects of childhood BMI on adult traits are independent from adult BMI. Results We identified potential causal effects of childhood obesity on 60 adult traits (27 disease-related traits, 27 lifestyle factors, and 6 other traits). Higher childhood BMI was associated with a reduced overall health rating (β = − 0.10, 95% CI − 0.13 to − 0.07, P = 6.26 × 10−11). Specifically, higher childhood BMI was associated with increased odds of coronary artery disease (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.11, P = 4.28 × 10−11), essential hypertension (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.16, P = 1.27 × 10−11), type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.43, P = 1.57 × 10−34), and arthrosis (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12, P = 8.80 × 10−9). However, after accounting for adult BMI, the detrimental effects of childhood BMI on disease-related traits were no longer present (P > 0.05). For dietary habits, different from conventional understanding, we found that higher childhood BMI was associated with low calorie density food intake. However, this association might be specific to the UK Biobank population. Conclusions In summary, we provided a phenome-wide view of the effects of childhood BMI on adult traits. Multivariable MR analysis suggested that the associations between childhood BMI and increased risks of diseases in adulthood are likely attributed to individuals remaining obese in later life. Therefore, ensuring that childhood obesity does not persist into later life might be useful for reducing the detrimental effects of childhood obesity on adult diseases.

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“…Less-educated individuals have less healthy lifestyles: (1) eat less fruits and vegetables (Jaime, et al, 2015); (2) smoke more; and (3) are more likely to be physically inactive (Barros, et al, 2016;Piirtola, et al, 2016). Similar results were found for blacks and browns (Beard, et al, 2019;Malta, et al, 2015;Patrão, et al, 2017), indicating that race and educational level impact health through different relationships and with varying magnitudes Chor, 2013;Fonseca, et al, 2020;Mays, et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Healthy lifestyle by race/skin color and educational level in Brazil

Lopes

Freitas

Silva

et al. 2021

RSD

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This study aimed to describe the prevalence of healthy lifestyles and examine its association to the combined effects of race and educational level in Brazil. Cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the 2013 National Health Survey. Race was categorized as white, brown, or black, and educational level as low, medium, or high. To assess the combined effects of race and educational level, a combined variable was created. Healthy lifestyle factors were: non current smoker; non risk use of alcohol; daily consumption of fruit, and vegetables and being active. Lifestyle status was categorized as less healthy or healthier. Of the 59,249 participants, 18.4% of the whites and 6.8% of blacks reported higher education, respectively. Healthy lifestyle status differed by race and educational level. The prevalence of 3 or more parameters were higher than 80% among individuals with high educational levels, regardless of race. The association of healthy lifestyle status with the combined effects of both race and educational levels remained significant after adjustments, except in blacks and browns with high educational levels. Education may be one of an important structural determinant of health status in Brazil, especially among blacks and browns. Investments in education can be helpfull to reduce racial inequalities.

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The effect of education on health: evidence from national compulsory schooling reforms

Cited by 22 publications

References 45 publications

Linking Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle with Cardio Metabolic Disease and Depressive Symptoms: A Study on the Elderly in Europe

Linking Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle with Cardio Metabolic Disease and Depressive Symptoms: A Study on the Elderly in Europe

Phenome-wide investigation of the causal associations between childhood BMI and adult trait outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Healthy lifestyle by race/skin color and educational level in Brazil

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