The Effect of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz Measles Vaccines on Immune Responses in Infants

Hussey, Gregory; Goddard, E.; Hughes, Jane; Ryon, Judith J.; Kerran, Mustaphah; Carelse, Edgar; Strebel, Peter M.; Markowitz, Lauri E.; Moodie, J. W.; Barron, Peter; Latief, Zainub; Sayed, Rauoff; Beatty, David M.; Griffin, Diane E.

doi:10.1093/infdis/173.6.1320

Cited by 78 publications

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“…These include failure to seroconvert and decline of immunity with time after vaccination (19,37). Other important factors that might influence the immune response comprise the age at the time of vaccination (27,33), the number of doses, and the strain included in the vaccine (18,23,28).…”

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Measles Virus-Specific Antibody Levels in Individuals in Argentina Who Received a One-Dose Vaccine

et al. 2006

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In spite of active measles virus (MV) vaccination strategies, reemergence continues to occur, impairing global eradication programs. The immune status against measles was evaluated in 350 vaccinated healthy Argentine children and teenagers who received a single dose of the MV Schwarz strain Lirugen vaccine (Aventis Pasteur). Sera were assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Enzygnost; Behring), an in-house EIA, and neutralization EIA. Results obtained with these methods showed a marked decline in IgG level with increasing age. At 1 to 4 years of age, 84% of children had IgG antibodies above 200 mIU/ml, conventionally accepted as protective levels, whereas only 32% of older children and teenagers had antibody levels exceeding 200 mIU/ml. Moreover, the MV IgG content in the teenage group was significantly lower than the IgG antibody level of the group of younger children (P < 0.0001). In contrast, screening for IgG antibody levels to inactivated tetanus vaccine showed that, on average, 80% of this population was fully protected and that this high level of protection remained through the teenage years. This study suggests that within this population a considerable proportion of individuals had low measles antibody levels that may be insufficient to protect against reinfections or clinical disease.In the early 1960s, the advent of a live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine dramatically reduced the incidence of measles in many parts of the world, including developed (12,16,20,29,30,35,49,52) and developing (28, 58) countries. In some developing countries, fatality rates for measles can still be as high as 15%, causing about 770,000 annual deaths among infants and children, and this is probably due to lack of vaccination of many individuals in the population.Elimination of MV requires the continued commitment to increase vaccination coverage levels, the genetic analysis of circulating strains, and serosurveys of vaccinated individuals to establish the population at risk of contracting the infection. In this context, it is very important that reliable and sensitive laboratory methods are used to accurately determine the antibody level and protection achieved after vaccination and the level of antibodies that persists in those who were previously vaccinated.Despite active vaccination strategies, reemergence or resurgence of MV continues to occur, impairing elimination programs. The occurrence of several measles outbreaks in highly immunized populations (5, 34, 40, 51) has focused attention on vaccine efficacy and the durability of vaccine-induced immunity. It is likely that many factors contribute to the presence of susceptible individuals among highly vaccinated populations. These include failure to seroconvert and decline of immunity with time after vaccination (19, 37). Other important factors that might influence the immune response comprise the age at the time of vaccination (27, 33), the number of doses, and the strain included in the vaccine (18,23,28).High vacci...

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Measles Virus-Specific Antibody Levels in Individuals in Argentina Who Received a One-Dose Vaccine

et al. 2006

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“…In vivo, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses are inhibited for several weeks after acute measles (Tamashiro et al, 1987). Interestingly, measles vaccination also causes immune suppression (Hussey et al, 1996 ;Starr & Berkovitch, 1964). The mechanism of immune suppression is poorly understood but widely assumed to be mainly due to replication Author for correspondence : Martin A. Billeter.…”

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A recombinant measles virus expressing biologically active human interleukin-12.

Singh

Billeter

1999

Journal of General Virology

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Suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) iswell-documented during and after measles. This immunosuppression is suggested to result from decreased production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key interleukin for CMI. In an attempt to clearly discern the role of IL-12 in measles-induced immunosuppression, a measles virus (MV) that expresses biologically active human IL-12 was generated. This was achieved by inserting the coding sequences of the two subunits (p35 and p40) of human IL-12 separated by an internal ribosome entry site in an additional transcription unit between the H and the L genes of MV. Although the IL-12-expressing MV grew slightly slower than the normal MV, it stably maintained the inserted sequences (3n2 kb) and uniformly expressed the foreign genes after 10 passages in cell culture. These findings suggest that MV is a well-suited vector for delivery of proteins of immunogenic and therapeutic importance.

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“…In fact, despite the small amount of virus-infected peripheral blood cells during measles (less than 1%), the severe suppression of the immune system can last for weeks (Borrow & Oldstone, 1995). Moreover, a number of immunological alterations during natural measles also occur to a lesser magnitude after vaccination with attenuated MV (Fireman et al, 1969;Hussey et al, 1996). Therefore, it is likely that MV-induced immune-suppression is induced not only by direct viral replication in haematopoıetic cells, but also by indirect immunopathogenic mechanisms.…”

Section: Effects On DC Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Virus Infection: Mechanisms of Immune Suppression

Yu¹,

Ghildyal²

2012

Immunosuppression - Role in Health and Diseases

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The Effect of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwarz Measles Vaccines on Immune Responses in Infants

Cited by 78 publications

References 36 publications

Measles Virus-Specific Antibody Levels in Individuals in Argentina Who Received a One-Dose Vaccine

Measles Virus-Specific Antibody Levels in Individuals in Argentina Who Received a One-Dose Vaccine

A recombinant measles virus expressing biologically active human interleukin-12.

Measles Virus Infection: Mechanisms of Immune Suppression

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