The Effect of Early Institutional Rearing on the Development of Eight Year Old Children

Tizard, Barbara; Hodges, Jill

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00453.x

Cited by 342 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…No further follow-ups were done on this population, however, so it is unclear for how long this behavior continued. Tizard (1977) followed 24 children who had spent theii first two years in institutions (Tizard & Hodges, 1978;Tizard & Rees, 1974). According to reports fiom their adoptive parents, these children displayed indiscriminately friendly behavior at 2,4.5, and 8 years of age, although in most children this behavior had disappeared by the time the children were 8 years old (Tizard & Hodges, 1978).…”

Section: Indiscriminately Friendlv Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages

et al. 1995

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Attachment security was assessed in children who had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian orphanage (RO) and two comparison groups of children: a Canadian-born, nonadopted comparison group (CB) and a comparison group adopted from Romania before the age of 4 months (RC). We also assessed differences in displays of indiscriminately friendly behavior between the two adopted groups of children. Attachment security was assessed using parent report on a questionnaire comprised of the 23 items with the highest and lowest loadings on the Waters and Deane (1985) attachment Q-sort. Indiscriminately friendly behavior was assessed using parents' responses to five questions about their children's behavior with new adults. Children's attachment security scores were also compared to parents' scores on the parent attachment subscale of the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990). RO children scored significantly lower on security of attachment than did either the RC or CB children. RC and CB children did not differ on attachment security. Based on their parents' reports, RO children displayed significantly more indiscriminately friendly behaviors than did RC children, but such behaviors were not correlated with security of attachment. Children's attachment security scores were related to their parents attachment scores only in the RO group. It is suggested that RO children's experience of extreme neglect contributed to their low attachment-security scores, and that indiscriminate friendliness may be an important behavior to consider in the study of attachment in institutionalized children.

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Section: Indiscriminately Friendlv Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages

et al. 1995

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“…A body of data in developmental psychopathology has documented links between experiences such as abuse, neglect, and disruptions in caretaking in childhood and later interpersonal pathology and personality disorders (see Herman, Perry, & van der Kolk, 1989 ;Rutter, 1986 ;Tizard & Hodges, 1978 ;Westen, Ludolph, Block, Wixom, & Wiss, 1990 ). Sexual abuse in childhood leaves individuals vulnerable to a number of untoward psychological experiences in adulthood such as anxiety, depression, chronic self-destructiveness, and suicidality (e.g., Boudewyn & Liem, 1995 ;Briere & Runtz, 1993 ).…”

Section: The Role Of Childhood Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.

Westen

1998

Psychological Bulletin

342

233

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Although commentators periodically declare that Freud is dead, his repeated burials lie on shaky grounds. Critics typically attack an archaic version of psychodynamic theory that most clinicians similarly consider obsolete. Central to contemporary psychodynamic theory is a series of propositions about (a) unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; (b) ambivalence and the tendency for affective and motivational dynamics to operate in parallel and produce compromise solutions; (c) the origins of many personality and social dispositions in childhood; (d) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships; and (e) developmental dynamics. An enormous body of research in cognitive, social, developmental, and personality psychology now supports many of these propositions. Freud's scientific legacy has implications for a wide range of domains in psychology, such as integration of affective and motivational constraints into connectionist models in cognitive science.Freud, like Elvis, has been dead for a number of years but continues to be cited with some regularity. Although the majority of clinicians report that they rely to some degree upon psychodynamic 1 principles in their work ( Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987 ), most researchers consider psychodynamic ideas to be at worst absurd and obsolete and at best irrelevant or of little scientific interest. In the lead article of a recent edition of Psychological Science, Crews (1996) arrived at a conclusion shared by many: " [T]here is literally nothing to be said, scientifically or therapeutically, to the advantage of the entire Freudian system or any of its component dogmas" (p. 63).Despite the explosion of empirical studies of unconscious cognitive processes (see, e.g., Greenwald, 1992 ;Kihlstrom, 1987 ;Schacter, 1992 ), few reference Freud; none cite any contemporary psychodynamic work; and in general, psychodynamic concepts are decreasingly represented in the major psychology journals ( Robins & Craik, 1994 ). The situation is similar in the popular media and in broader intellectual discourse. Publications ranging from Time to the New York Review of Books periodically publish Freud's intellectual obituary, with critics charging that Freud's ideas-such as his dual-instinct theory or his hypotheses about female personality development-are seriously out of date and without scientific merit (e.g., Crews, 1993 ).Many aspects of Freudian theory are indeed out of date, and they should be: Freud died in 1939, and he has been slow to undertake further revisions. His critics, however, are equally behind the times, attacking countenance was last sighted in earnest. Contemporary psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists no longer write much about ids and egos, nor do they conceive of treatment for psychological disorders as an archaeological expedition in search of lost memories ( Aron, 1996 ;Gabbard, 1994 ;Horowitz, 1988 ;Kolb, Cooper, & Fishman, 1995 ;Mitchell, 1988 ;Wachtel, 1993 ). People do sometimes describe feelings or behav...

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“…In fact, as we know from children raised in impoverished institutions and in extremes of deprivation, significant cognitive impairments are likely to occur along with disordered attachments (Provence & Lipton, 1962;Rosenberg, Pajer, & Rancurello, 1992). We also know that children in institutions that are more stimulating and developmentally sensitive have normal intelligence but disordered attachments (Tizard & Hodges, 1978). Essentially, the DSM-IV criterion about cognitive delays is another manifestation of the attempt to limit attachment disorders to children with an intact central nervous system.…”

Section: Is It Reactive?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the meantime, research findings about children raised in institutions accumulated (Provence & Lipton, 1962;Tizard & Hodges, 1978;Tizard & Rees, 1974, 1975, case reports of children raised in extremely abusive and depriving environments continued to appear (Curtiss, 1977;Koluchova, 1972;Skuse, 1984;Thompson, 1986), and social characteristics of maltreated children were delineated (Aber & Allen, 1987;Aber & Cicchetti, 1984;Gaensbauer& Sands, 1979;George* Main, 1979;Main& George, 1985;Mueller & Silverman, 1989;Powell, Low, & Speers, 1987).…”

Section: Historical Perspective On Attachment Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on the characteristics of children raised in institutions (Provence & Lipton, 1962;Skeels, 1966;Tizard & Hodges, 1978;Tizard & Rees, 1974,1975 has influenced the criteria for the disinhibited and indiscriminately social type of attachment disorder. In the Tizard and Rees (1975) investigation, for example, 10 of 26 children institutionalized for their first 4 years of life were noted on evaluation at age 4.5 years to have superficial attachments to staff members, with attention-seeking, clinginess, and overfriendly behavior with strangers being notable social characteristics.…”

Section: Attachment Disorders and Contemporary Nosologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond insecurity: A reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy.

Zeanah¹

1996

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

105

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Some young children are not merely insecurely attached and at risk for later problems; by virtue of the severity of their attachment disturbances they are already disordered. This article reviews and critiques the approaches of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases (10th ed.; ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) to attachment disorders and finds that they have not made use of findings from developmental research on attachment in developing their criteria. An alternative system of classifying attachment disorders that is compatible with the major findings from developmental research on infant-caregiver attachment is presented. Finally, many areas in need of empirical contributions are indicated. Ethological attachment theory, as outlined by John Bowlby (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980), has provided one of the most important frameworks for understanding crucial risk and protective factors in social and emotional development in the first 3 years of life. Bowlby's (1951) monograph, Maternal Care and Mental Health, reviewed the world literature on maternal deprivation and suggested that emotionally available caregiving was crucial for infant development and mental health. Developmental attachment research, which has formally evaluated Bowlby's major premises, has demonstrated convincingly that insecure attachment in infancy is associated with subsequent psychosocial maladaptation in preschool and middle

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The Effect of Early Institutional Rearing on the Development of Eight Year Old Children

Cited by 342 publications

References 6 publications

Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages

Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages

The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science.

Beyond insecurity: A reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy.

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