Attachment security was assessed in children who had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian orphanage (RO) and two comparison groups of children: a Canadian-born, nonadopted comparison group (CB) and a comparison group adopted from Romania before the age of 4 months (RC). We also assessed differences in displays of indiscriminately friendly behavior between the two adopted groups of children. Attachment security was assessed using parent report on a questionnaire comprised of the 23 items with the highest and lowest loadings on the Waters and Deane (1985) attachment Q-sort. Indiscriminately friendly behavior was assessed using parents' responses to five questions about their children's behavior with new adults. Children's attachment security scores were also compared to parents' scores on the parent attachment subscale of the Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990). RO children scored significantly lower on security of attachment than did either the RC or CB children. RC and CB children did not differ on attachment security. Based on their parents' reports, RO children displayed significantly more indiscriminately friendly behaviors than did RC children, but such behaviors were not correlated with security of attachment. Children's attachment security scores were related to their parents attachment scores only in the RO group. It is suggested that RO children's experience of extreme neglect contributed to their low attachment-security scores, and that indiscriminate friendliness may be an important behavior to consider in the study of attachment in institutionalized children.

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The effects of dissolved organic matter, reactor configuration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) particle size on equilibrium adsorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) were examined under simultaneous loading and early preloading conditions. Differences in isotherm capacities obtained using batch‐reactor and column‐reactor estimation methods were observed when natural background organic matter and TCE were adsorbed simultaneously onto nonpreloaded GAC. Differences in isotherms derived from the two methods were diminished, however, when the carbon was first preloaded with the background organic matter in a river water in the absence of TCE. Significant increases in isotherm slope were observed with increasing preloading time for GAC of two different particle sizes. Isotherms determined using powdered activated carbon sieved from crushed preloaded GAC had essentially parallel slopes, however, with capacities greater than the parent preloaded GAC over the concentration range of interest. The observed effects were analyzed in the context of a proposed dualistic model for interpretation of interactions among background organic matter, target solutes, and microporous adsorbents.

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