The Effect of Early Childhood Development Programmes on Women's Labour Force Participation and Older Children's Schooling in Kenya

Impediments to effective enactment of early childhood education curriculum and pedagogy in Tanzania: issues and experiences of teachers in urban and rural pre-schools

“…In addition, this study found that due to poverty the priority for education was for boys and not a girl child, girls having to remain at home waiting to get married even at a young age. This finding is supported by Lokshin et al (2004) who found that maternal wage rates and costs of ECEC centres affect children's enrolment in various settings; an increase in mothers' wages raises school participation of boys, but lowers that of girls, indicating that girls might substitute for mothers in housework and caring for small children.…”

“…policies (Kontopodis, Wulf, & Fichtner, 2011;Lokshin, Glinskaya, & Garcia, 2004;Melhuish & Petrogiannis, 2006;Mitchell et al, 2008;OECD, 2006;Penn, 2010Penn, , 2011Saracho, 2012b;Sylva et al, 2004;Sylva et al, 2003;Yelland, 2010).…”

“…In many African areas ECEC centres benefited few children because in African societies, Tanzania included, mothers had a tendency not to trust anybody to take care of their young children preferring families, siblings, and care givers (Bar-On, 2004;Kweka et al, 2000;Lokshin et al, 2004;Marfo, Pence, LeVine, & LeVine, 2011;Nsamenang, 2008;Nwoye, 2006).…”

“…Also a view of quality in pre-school is based on the learning and development outcomes of children who have completed pre-school education programmes (Lokshin et al, 2004). The children who complete a programme are expected to show achievements particularly in cognitive ability, socio-emotional, behavioural development, and physical capabilities (Bar-On, 2004;Nsamenang, 2008;Prochner & Kabiru, 2008;Serpell, 2002).…”

“…African siblings prove themselves to be capable of assuming the responsibilities including the domestic work of the household directed by their mother while she is away for a few hours but not the entire day. Research to date has shown no sign of increased risks to child survival or psychological development from sibling care in Africa (LeVine, 2004;Lokshin et al, 2004). African children are treasured for their help in the home chores and support while parents are away for extra miles to provide for their comfort such as in farms, businesses or in paid jobs (Nwoye, 2006).…”