The effect of dietary lipid and protein source on the swimming performance, recovery ability and oxygen consumption of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Wilson, Claire; Friesen, Erin N.; Higgs, David A.; Farrell, Anthony P.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.10.027

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The average U crit of 97 cm s −1 (2.27 BL s −1 ) found here is similar to earlier studies on reared Atlantic salmon when considering slight differences in fish size, temperature and experimental setups (Wagner et al 2003, 2004, Wilson et al 2007, Remen et al 2016. In the 24 fish tested, U crit ranged from 80.5 to 107.3 cm s −1 .…”

Section: Sustained Swimming Capacitysupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Brett 1967, Cotterell & Wardle 2004. Instead, the most common assessment of swimming capacity is the critical swimming speed (U crit ), where a stepwise increase in swimming speed at intervals typically varying between 15 and 60 min is continued until the fish fatigues (Brett 1964, Plaut 2001, Farrell 2007. Therefore, U crit represents the highest prolonged swimming speed a fish can maintain for a limited time (minutes) and is inherently powered by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at the final swimming velocities (Wilson & Egginton 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustained swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon

Hvas¹,

Oppedal²

2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Sustained swimming in fish relies on aerobic metabolism alone and has been defined as swimming speeds that can be maintained for 200 min. However, few studies have tested swimming performances at constant velocities for such durations. Instead, the limits of sustainable swimming are often defined indirectly as speeds where anaerobic metabolism is required. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar aquaculture is currently expanding to more exposed locations that experience occasional strong current velocities, and thus a more practical assessment of the sustained swimming capacity is needed to ensure acceptable animal welfare. To this purpose, we performed swim tunnel respirometry experiments with groups of larger post-smolts (~800 g) at 13°C. First, the average critical swimming speed (U crit ) was determined (97.2 cm s −1 ); then, sustained swimming trials were conducted in which fish were forced to swim up to 4 h at 60, 80 or 100% of the average U crit . All fish endured 60 and 80% U crit for 4 h, while only 2 avoided fatigue at 100% U crit (n = 24 treatment −1 ). A decrease in oxygen consumption rate over time at the sub-U crit intensities indicated swimming became more efficient and aerobic. To explain variation in swimming performance within the group, U crit and fatigue time were correlated with relative ventricular mass, condition factor and weight. However, these parameters were poor predictors of swimming performance. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon possess the aerobic capacity for continuous high-intensity swimming of at least 80% U crit for several hours. This adds important temporal insight to welfare guidelines related to current velocities in aquaculture.

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Section: Sustained Swimming Capacitysupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon

Hvas¹,

Oppedal²

2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…U crit has been reported in S. salar on several occasions previously (e.g. McKenzie et al 1998, Wilson et al 2007), but no studies have aimed at defining the upper velocity threshold in the on-growing phase in sea cages at relevant stocking densities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical swimming speed in groups of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Remen¹,

Solstorm²,

Bui³

et al. 2016

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…Atlantic salmon fed a predominantly poultry fatbased diet were significantly outperformed by those reared on an anchovy oil-based feed in an exhaustive swimming trial, but in a repeat trial with the same individuals, no difference in critical swimming speed was observed [71] . In a follow-up study, Wilson et al [72] observed the swimming performance and cardiovascular capacity of Atlantic salmon fed anchovy or poultry-derived lipids and found no difference between the dietary treatments.…”

Section: Comparative Physiological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential, Implications and Solutions Regarding the Use of Rendered Animal Fats in Aquafeeds

Trushenski

Lochmann²

2009

American J. of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Problem statement:In the past, aquafeeds were comprised largely of fish meal and fish oil derived from marine reduction fisheries. In addition to being highly palatable and readily digested by cultured fishes, these feedstuffs were historically inexpensive sources of protein, energy and essential nutrients. However, increasing cost and concerns over safety and sustainability have greatly incentivized the transition from fish meal and oil to alternative sources of protein and lipid for aquafeed formulation. Fish oil replacement is proving more difficult than originally anticipated, particularly for marine carnivorous species. Approach: If complete fish oil replacement is not a viable goal for fish nutritionists and aquafeed manufacturers, at a minimum, we must strive for judicious use of limited marine-derived resources. In the present review, we explore the opportunities of using rendered fats as alternatives to marine-derived fish oils in aquaculture feeds, beginning with a discussion of the products themselves before reviewing the most recent literature and concluding with a discussion of the future of these products in aquafeed formulations. Results: Rendered fats have not been as intensively evaluated in aquaculture nutrition as grain and oilseed-derived lipids, although a number of recent publications on the subject suggest increasing interest in the use of rendered products in aquafeeds. Conclusion: Poultry fat, beef tallow, pork lard and to a lesser extent, yellow/restaurant grease and catfish oil, have been investigated individually or in combination with other lipids in feeds for a broad range of cultured taxa with generally acceptable results.

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The effect of dietary lipid and protein source on the swimming performance, recovery ability and oxygen consumption of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 36 publications

References 53 publications

Sustained swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon

Sustained swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon

Critical swimming speed in groups of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Potential, Implications and Solutions Regarding the Use of Rendered Animal Fats in Aquafeeds

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