Critical swimming speed in groups of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Remen, Mette; Solstorm, Frida; Bui, Samantha; Klebert, Pascal; Vågseth, Tone; Solstorm, David; Hvas, Malthe; Oppedal, Frode

doi:10.3354/aei00207

Cited by 57 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, stronger water currents may induce excessive loads on the farm structure and large net deformations, resulting in challenging conditions for farming operations (Lader et al 2008, Kristiansen & Faltinsen 2012, Bjelland et al 2015, Klebert et al 2015, Gansel et al 2018. The currents may also be evaluated from a fish-welfare perspective, the primary concern being how the magnitude, duration *Corresponding author: kristbjorg.jonsdottir@ntnu.no Fish welfare based classification method of ocean current speeds at aquaculture sites and frequency of strong current events affect behaviour, growth, stress and risks of mortality (Johansson et al 2014, Solstorm et al 2015, Remen et al 2016, Hvas & Oppedal 2017. The response of farmed fish to ocean currents may be expressed as behavioural changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more extreme current conditions, the maximum swimming capacity of farmed fish may be exceeded, resulting in physiological fatigue, severe stress, injury and even death as the fish gets stuck on the downstream net pen wall (Oppedal et al 2011, Remen et al 2016. Experimental measurement of the critical swimming speed (U crit ) of fish (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental measurement of the critical swimming speed (U crit ) of fish (e.g. Remen et al 2016, Hvas & Oppedal 2017) is a standardized method to assess the upper current velocities farmed fish are able to handle on acute timescales. U crit is a measure of prolonged swimming capacity originally defined by Brett (1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fish welfare based classification method of ocean current speeds at aquaculture sites

Jónsdóttir¹,

Hvas²,

Alfredsen³

et al. 2019

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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A major trend in marine aquaculture is to move production to more exposed sites with occasionally rough ocean current events. However, it is unclear whether fish will thrive in these extreme environments, since thorough descriptions of ambient current conditions with regards to fish welfare is lacking. In the present study, ocean current data were collected using acoustic Doppler current profilers at 5 exposed sites along the Norwegian coast over minimum periods of 5 mo. To evaluate welfare risks, current data was compared to known limits of swimming capabilities, such as onset of behavioural changes and critical swimming speeds (U crit ), of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus. Specifically, at each site, current speeds were classified into 6 categories based on expected impact on swimming behaviours of Atlantic salmon, and duration of currents within each category were inspected using a homogeneous and non-homogeneous criterion for the water column. Current speeds were then compared with projected U crit at relevant temperatures and fish sizes of Atlantic salmon and lumpfish. Furthermore, a detailed characterization of extreme events at the most exposed site was performed. Of the 5 locations, only 1 exceeded the U crit of Atlantic salmon, while all sites featured currents above U crit of lumpfish for up to 33 h at a time. These results suggest that responsible Atlantic salmon farming is possible at sites considered exposed, while lumpfish should be restricted to more sheltered environments. The presented method can be applied for other aquaculture fish species if adequate data are available.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fish welfare based classification method of ocean current speeds at aquaculture sites

Jónsdóttir¹,

Hvas²,

Alfredsen³

et al. 2019

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…A thorough description of the large Brett-type swim tunnel respirometer used for the experiments is provided in Remen et al (2016). The main specifications of the swim respirometer are briefly summarized as follows.…”

Section: Swim Tunnel Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tudorache et al, 2007;Deslauriers and Kieffer, 2011;Remen et al, 2016). However, to obtain reliable oxygen consumption rate (ṀO 2 ) measurements within a reasonable time in this setup, groups of fish had to be tested simultaneously to reduce the ratio between biomass and volume, which means that measurements represent a group average.…”

Section: Swim Tunnel Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of thermal acclimation on aerobic scope and critical swimming speed in Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Hvas

Folkedal

Imsland

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The Atlantic salmon is extensively studied owing to conservation concerns and its economic importance in aquaculture. However, a thorough report of their aerobic capacity throughout their entire thermal niche has not been described. In this study, Atlantic salmon (∼450 g) were acclimated for 4 weeks at 3, 8, 13, 18 or 23°C, and then tested in a large Brett-type swimming respirometer in groups of 10 per trial. Both standard metabolic rate and active metabolic rate continued to increase with temperature, which resulted in an aerobic scope that also increased with temperature, but was statistically similar between 13, 18 and 23°C. The critical swimming speed peaked at 18°C (93.1±1.2 cm s −1 ), and decreased significantly at the extreme temperatures to 74.8±0.5 and 84.8±1.6 cm s −1 at 3 and 23°C, respectively. At 23°C, the accumulated mortality reached 20% over 4 weeks, while no fish died during acclimation at colder temperatures. Furthermore, fish at 23°C had poor appetite and lower condition factor despite still having a high aerobic scope, suggesting that oxygen uptake was not the limiting factor in the upper thermal niche boundary. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon were able to maintain a high aerobic capacity and good swimming capabilities throughout the entire thermal interval tested, thus demonstrating a high level of flexibility in respiratory capacity towards different temperature exposures.

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