The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults

Abstract

It has been demonstrated that, on their own, both exercise and stimulation from the environment can improve cognitive function and well-being in older adults. The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an outdoor cycling intervention on cognitive function and mental health and well-being in older adults. A total of 100 older adults took part in the study (aged 50–83), 26 of which were non-cycling controls, 36 were conventional pedal cyclists and 38 were participants using an e-bike (a bike fitted with an electric motor to provide assistance with pedaling), as part of a larger project ( www.cycleboom.org ). Participants took part in the study for an eight-week period, with cycling participants required to cycle at least three times a week for thirty minutes in duration for each cycle ride. Cognitive function and well-being were measured before and after the intervention period. For executive function, namely inhibition (the Stroop task) and updating (Letter Updating Task), both cycling groups improved in accuracy after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. E-bike participants also improved in processing speed (reaction times in go trials of the Stop-It task) after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. Finally, e-bike participants improved in their mental health score after the intervention compared to non-cycling controls as measured by the SF-36. This suggests that there may be an impact of exercising in the environment on executive function and mental health. Importantly, we showed a similar (sometimes larger) effect for the e-bike group compared to the pedal cyclists. This suggests that it is not just the physical activity component of cycling that is having an influence. Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits.

The impact of e-cycling on travel behaviour: A scoping review

“…In addition, older adults used the e-bike for recreational purposes. Whether e-bikes were primarily used for recreation or running errands in older adults varied across studies ( Hendriksen et al, 2008 ; Van Cauwenberg et al, 2018 ; Johnson and Rose, 2015 ; Leyland et al, 2019 ; Wolf and Seebauer, 2014 ). Few studies have examined how the purpose of e-bike use differs between genders.…”

The effects of an aerobic training intervention on cognition, grey matter volumes and white matter microstructure

“…BMI, blood pressure, depression and sleep). Interestingly, both pedal and e-bike outdoor cycling were recently shown to improve executive function over 8-weeks, which too suggests beneficial effects of PA are not solely exerted through CRF [67] . Furthermore, a dance intervention that combines physical, cognitive and social engagement was found to result in increases in FA within the fornix [24] .…”

Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on Executive Functions and Emotional Recognition: Analysis of Moderate to High Intensity in Young Adults

“…The literature that has dealt with the issues of the effect of acute PE on cognitive processes is wide (Tsukamoto et al, 2016;Akram et al, 2018;Quintero et al, 2018;Leyland et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019b). In both experiments, we worked with a widely used battery on the executive function evaluation at clinic and research level: Stroop, TMT, and Verbal Fluency.…”