The effect of crown architecture on dynamic amplification factor of an open-grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum L.)

Ciftci, Cihan; Breña, Sergio F.; Kane, Brian; Arwade, Sanjay R.

doi:10.1007/s00468-013-0867-z

Cited by 45 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Branches also play a complex role in how trees respond to wind loads (Ciftci et al . ). Branches oscillate independently from the main stem, dissipating wind energy at the branch level rather than transferring it to the main stem, which reduces the likelihood of stem breakage or uprooting (James, Haritos & Ades ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Both the vertical position of large branches (Ciftci et al . ) and the tree's centre of mass (which is affected by tree height and crown size) (Fournier et al . ) have been noted as important factors related to wind‐induced sway motion.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) and dynamic amplification factor (the ratio of dynamic‐to‐static displacements of an excited structure) (Ciftci et al . ). Drag (Mayhead ; Rudnicki, Mitchell & Novak ; Vollsinger et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), presumably because of the greater importance of branches on sway motion (Ciftci et al . ; James ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neighbour effects on tree architecture: functional trade‐offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance

MacFarlane

Kane

2017

Functional Ecology

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Summary The architecture of trees is the result of constrained, morphologically plastic growth – constrained by an underlying architectural model embedded in their genome, the structure of which can be significantly altered during growth to match the changing environmental conditions to which the tree is exposed. Here, we examined the hypothesis that crowding from neighbours should cause trees to optimize traits for light competition at the expense of wind resistance, with the reverse being true for trees lacking neighbours. Previous studies have examined the influence of light competition or wind resistance on shaping tree architecture, but few, if any, have simultaneously addressed trade‐offs for optimizing these traits in response to crowding from neighbouring trees in forests, as compared to open‐grown conditions. We studied the response of tree‐ and branch‐level architectural traits of temperate, broad‐leaved, deciduous tree species of differing shade tolerance and wood strength from multiple locations across the north‐eastern United States. Trees ranged in size (4–83 cm diameter at 1·3 m) and crowding conditions (open‐ and forest‐grown) and occupied different canopy positions. The open‐grown trees represented a null condition, where the lack of neighbouring trees to shape architectural traits could be contrasted with the influence of different levels of crowding in forests. Our results show strong evidence for a tree neighbourhood‐induced convergence of architectural traits across species and conditions, even when trees are growing in urban rather than natural forest conditions. After accounting for crowding, the effects of species and sample location contributed very little to explaining variation in architectural traits. One exception was crown dimensions, for which species‐specific differences explained about 15% of the residual variation. Under open‐grown conditions, alleviation of light competition caused trees to develop relatively large crowns and branches and a squat growth form suitable to resist greater wind exposure. By contrast, increasing shading from neighbouring trees caused forest‐grown trees to become increasingly more spindly in the main stem, with slender branches sparsely distributed over a disproportionately large crown volume – presumably to maximize light capture. Although the latter is an intrinsically less wind‐stable form, it can be adopted to increase light capture because neighbouring trees reduce exposure to the wind, which should greatly reduce the likelihood of stem breakage or uprooting under critical wind pressures. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12865/suppinfo is available for this article.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), presumably because of the greater importance of branches on sway motion (Ciftci et al . ; James ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Neighbour effects on tree architecture: functional trade‐offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance

MacFarlane

Kane

2017

Functional Ecology

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“…Mathematical modelling is increasingly being used to investigate tree biomechanics (Ciftci et al 2013;Coutand et al 2011;Guillon et al 2012;Moore and Maguire 2008;Ormarsson et al 2010;Sellier et al 2006;Wagner et al 2012). Such models need to be parameterised with material constants expressing the elastic behaviour as well as failure characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic constants of green Pinus radiata wood

Davies

Altaner

Apiolaza

2016

N.Z. j. of For. Sci.

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Background: Mathematical modelling is often used to investigate phenomena difficult or impossible to measure experimentally. Findings: This paper presents the constants needed to mathematically model green Pinus radiata D.Don core-and outerwood. The constants include all three elastic and shear moduli along with the six Poisson ratios needed for describing orthotropic materials in the elastic domain. Further proportional limit surfaces are presented. Conclusions: The constants provided allow for an increase in realism of mathematical models examining the mechanical performance of standing trees.

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