Tree Mechanics and Wind Loading

Moore, John R.; Gardiner, Barry; Sellier, Damien

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-79099-2_4

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…According to this approximation, f 0 will decrease with increasing tree height, leading to an increased likelihood of resonant effects in taller trees. Importantly, no field study has yet recorded the moment a tree breaks or uproots due to wind loading [11] and the relevance of resonant effects in wind damage is the subject of ongoing debate in the literature [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Natural Frequencies and Tree Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

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An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees

Jackson

Shenkin

Moore

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The relationship between form and function in trees is the subject of a longstanding debate in forest ecology and provides the basis for theories concerning forest ecosystem structure and metabolism. Trees interact with the wind in a dynamic manner and exhibit natural sway frequencies and damping processes that are important in understanding wind damage. Tree-wind dynamics are related to tree architecture, but this relationship is not well understood. We present a comprehensive view of natural sway frequencies in trees by compiling a dataset of field measurement spanning conifers and broadleaves, tropical and temperate forests. The field data show that a cantilever beam approximation adequately predicts the fundamental frequency of conifers, but not that of broadleaf trees. We also use structurally detailed tree dynamics simulations to test fundamental assumptions underpinning models of natural frequencies in trees. We model the dynamic properties of greater than 1000 trees using a finite-element approach based on accurate three-dimensional model trees derived from terrestrial laser scanning data. We show that (1) residual variation, the variation not explained by the cantilever beam approximation, in fundamental frequencies of broadleaf trees is driven by their architecture; (2) slender trees behave like a simple pendulum, with a single natural frequency dominating their motion, which makes them vulnerable to wind damage and (3) the presence of leaves decreases both the fundamental frequency and the damping ratio. These findings demonstrate the value of new three-dimensional measurements for understanding wind impacts on trees and suggest new directions for improving our understanding of tree dynamics from conifer plantations to natural forests.

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Section: Natural Frequencies and Tree Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finite-element analysis is a computational technique capable of simulating the dynamics of complex structures. It is the de facto investigation tool used to isolate mechanisms related to branched structures [11,18,37,38]. The QSMs were imported into Abaqus [39], with each cylinder represented as a beam.…”

Section: Finite-element Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees

Jackson

Shenkin

Moore

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…Since no field study has measured a tree breaking in the wind, estimating CWS necessarily involves extrapolation beyond the range of field data (Hale et al, 2012;Moore et al, 2018). In the 8 months of data collection the maximum recorded wind speed was 15 ms −1 .…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk of wind damage is also a potentially limiting factor for maximum tree height and forest carbon storage, since trees sense their wind environment and respond with increased diameter growth (Niklas, 2007;King et al, 2009;Bonnesoeur et al, 2016;Coomes et al, 2018). The critical wind speed (CWS) is a common measure of a tree's susceptibility to wind damage (Gardiner et al, 2000;Moore et al, 2018). CWS is defined here as the wind speed that would cause the tree to snap at 1.3m on the trunk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Architectural Perspective on Wind Damage in a Natural Forest

Jackson

Shenkin

Kalyan

et al. 2019

Front. For. Glob. Change

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“…This resistive moment depends on the capacity of the stem and the root-soil system. The important factors of mechanical stability of trees are the modulus of rupture in bending of the stems and rotational anchorage capacity of the root system (Moore et al 2018). They depend on tree species, their characteristics and growth conditions.…”

Section: Stability Of Vertical Forestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical greenery systems: from plants to trees with self-growing interconnections

et al. 2020

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The integration of buildings into vegetation has become a necessity in many metropolitan areas of the world today. It expands the potential of vertical and horizontal, exterior and interior, exposed and enclosed spaces in a building that can be used to accommodate plants. Green infrastructures have benefits both on urban and building scales. They can be categorized into green roofs and vertical greenery systems that can be divided further into green façade, green wall, green terraces, elevated forest and vertical forest. There are many design and planting considerations for architects, structural engineers and botanists when using living architectures to mimic natural systems, such as plant characteristics and environmental conditions. Plants used for vertical greenery are more likely to be hardwood species to adjust solar radiation during cooling and heating periods, as well as for aesthetic pleasure. Take Bosco Verticale, which is located in Milan, as an example to look into engineering methods when trees grow on balconies of high-rise buildings. It can be concluded that planting restraint safety systems and regular maintenance are necessary for the tree growth in the sky. However, the change in growing conditions causes various problems such as stability and irregular growth of trees. Instead of using steel cables and cages to prevent trees from falling off in the sky, the concept of self-growing connections is proposed to act as natural bracings and provide the stability for vertical forests. This paper is meant to generate awareness of the possibilities of the vertical integration of trees into buildings, show application considerations, and inspire future developments.

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Tree Mechanics and Wind Loading

Cited by 30 publications

References 147 publications

An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees

An architectural understanding of natural sway frequencies in trees

A New Architectural Perspective on Wind Damage in a Natural Forest

Vertical greenery systems: from plants to trees with self-growing interconnections

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