The effect of cooling on mammalian muscle spindles

Eldred, Earl; Lindsley, David F.; Buchwald, Jennifer S.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(60)90004-2

Cited by 84 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It has been shown that this re¯ex is activated by stretching the muscle spindles and this in turn facilitates the following contraction of the agonist muscle and inhibits the contraction of the antagonist muscle (Matthews 1964). Previously it has been found that cooling decreases the activity of muscle spindles (Bell and Lehmann 1987;Eldred et al 1960) and consequently the EMG amplitude and the force produced by the agonist muscle (Knutsson and Mattsson 1969;Petajan and Watts 1962). In the literature information on the function of the antagonist muscle in this context seems to be non-existent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure

Oksa

Rintamäki

Rissanen

1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

104

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different levels of body cooling and muscle performance decrement and to study the motor co-ordination of the working agonist-antagonist muscle pair of the lower leg. Eight volunteer male subjects dropped from a 40-cm bench on to a force plate and performed a maximal rebound jump (stretch-shortening cycle). The jumps were performed after 60-min exposures to 27 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C. In comparison to those at 27 degrees C, all the exposures to lower temperatures decreased the flight time of the jump, average force production and take-off velocity in a dose-dependent manner. The changes in electromyogram (EMG) activity also behaved in a dose-dependent manner. During pre-activity and stretch phases the integrated EMG (iEMG) activity of the agonist muscle (triceps surae) increased due to cooling (at 10 degrees C, P < 0.05). In contrast, during the shortening phase iEMG of the agonist muscle decreased due to cooling (at 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C, P < 0.05). Moreover, the activity of the antagonist muscle (tibialis anterior) increased due to cooling (at 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C, P < 0.01). The mean power frequency of the agonist muscle during the shortening phase was shifted from 124 (SEM 12) Hz (at 27 degrees C) to 82 (SEM 7) Hz (at 10 degrees C, P < 0.01). We concluded that there was a dose-dependent response between the degree of cooling and the amount of decrease in muscle performance as well as EMG activity changes. A relatively low level of cooling was sufficient to decrease muscle performance significantly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Muscle performance and electromyogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold exposure

Oksa

Rintamäki

Rissanen

1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

104

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“…Also there is an increase in the propagation time of muscle action potentials with a loss of synchrony among motor units (18). The stretch reflex is also impaired with cooling, likely causing a decline in muscle spindle activity (12,75,172,178,210). As well, nerve cooling would alter neuromuscular function.…”

Section: Strength/power/balancementioning

confidence: 96%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

112

122

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Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.

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“…While a variety of direct recording methods from nerve fibers can be used to characterize these afferents in animals, these techniques cannot be applied to humans. Instead, indirect evidence from the effects of ischemia (Lewis et al 1937), temperature changes (Eldred et al 1960), muscle contraction (Vallbo 1973; and vibration (DeGail et al 1966;Hagbarth and Eklund 1966) on the cerebral potentials offers possible experimental approaches to separate the various afferent contributions to tendon tap evoked potentials. For instance, when a sphygmomanometer cuff is inflated to above systolic pressure around a limb ischemic hypoxia begins distally and progresses proximally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large fibers are affected before small ones and sensory before motor fibers (Leksell 1945;Laszlo 1966;TorebjiSrk and Hallin 1973). Ice cubes applied over a limb can reduce cutaneous temperature rapidly (2-3 min) and affect surface receptors, but longer periods of cooling (15-20 min) are necessary to reduce intramuscular temperature and the sensitivity of receptors within the muscle (Eldred et al 1960;Abbruzzese et al 1980). Muscle contraction strongly activates muscle spindles through fusimotor activity (Vallbo 1973), thereby modifying afferent inputs from this source as well as affecting the transmission of sensory input within the central nervous system .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%