The Effect of Concurrent Task Load on Stimulus Over-Selectivity

Reed, Phil; Gibson, Evelyn

doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0004-y

Cited by 46 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…4 Mean percentage change from the test to the re-test phase for the most and least-selected stimuli in the experimental and control groups across the three age groups. Error bars = 95 % confidence intervals research exploring the effects of increased cognitive load on levels of over-selectivity in a non-clinical population (Broomfield et al 2010;Reed and Gibson 2005;Reynolds and Reed 2011a, b;Reynolds et al 2012). In addition, an age trend in over-selective responding emerged, where overselectivity increased as a function of chronological age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2), which is employed to generate over-selective responding in non-clinical populations. This is the same distractor task used by Reed and Gibson (2005) and McHugh and Reed (2007). Previous research investigating over-selectivity in typically developing adults has demonstrated that adding a distractor task can induce higher levels of over-selective responding (Reed and Gibson 2005;Broomfield et al 2010;Reynolds et al 2012;Reynolds and Reed 2011a, b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors producing over-selectivity in older individuals

Kelly

Leader

Reed

2016

AGE

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Stimulus over-selectivity describes a phenomenon where only a subset of the relevant stimuli present in the environment, control an individual's behavior. The current experiment explored the degree to which over-selectivity increases in old age. The level of over-selectivity in a visual discrimination task in 60 individuals aged 60-89 years was assessed, as well as the degree to which this reflected attentional control. In addition, the intellectual functioning and cognitive flexibility of the participants were assessed. Results showed that, as age increased, three effects were revealed: levels of stimulus over-selectivity increased, IQ scores decreased, and cognitive flexibility decreased. However, over-selectivity was not related to IQ or cognitive flexibility, and appeared related most to attentional impairments. Thus, ageing is related to significant declines in effective stimulus control. These effects can have a serious impact on the physical and psychological health of old adults, as well as their quality of life, and, therefore, this area of research warrants further exploration. The results are discussed in relation to the attention-deficit and comparator theory of overselectivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors producing over-selectivity in older individuals

Kelly

Leader

Reed

2016

AGE

Self Cite

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“…Individuals were presented with a match-to-sample task using two, three-element stimuli, and were trained to criterion. Subsequent investigation revealed that, under conditions of increased cognitive load, one of the three stimulus elements exerted greater stimulus control than the others (see also Reed and Gibson 2005). After extinction of this element, the remaining elements demonstrated elevated control over matching performance in the absence of any further training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The phenomenon is also observed in a many other populations, including individuals with general learning disabilities (Dickson et al 2006), acquired neurological damage (Wayland and Taplin 1985), and the elderly (McHugh and Reed 2007). Stimulus overselectivity has also been induced in rats who were trained to respond to compound stimuli under trace learning conditions , and in adults with no learning disability under increased task demands (Reed 2006;Reed and Gibson 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Extinction of Over-selected Stimuli Causes Emergence of Under-selected Cues in Higher-functioning Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Reed

Broomfield

McHugh

et al. 2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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Two experiments examined whether over-selectivity is the product of a post-acquisition performance deficit, rather than an attention problem. In both experiments, children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder were presented with a trial-and-error discrimination task using two, two-element stimuli and over-selected in both studies. After behavioral control by the previously over-selected stimulus was extinguished, behavioral control by the previously under-selected cue emerged without direct training. However, this effect was only found in higher-functioning children, and not with more severely impaired children. These findings suggest that over-selectivity is not simply due to a failure to attend to all of the stimuli presented. They also suggest that extinction of over-selected stimuli may be a fruitful line of intervention for clinical intervention for some individuals.

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“…However, more recent studies with normally capable humans (Critchfield & Perone, 1993;Dube, Balsamo, Fowler, Dickson, Lombard, & Tomanari, 2006;McHugh & Reed, 2007) indicated that RSC may develop in accordance with how the contingencies of reinforcement are arranged, especially when complex tasks are involved (Reed & Gibson, 2005;Reed, Petrina, & McHugh, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing restricted stimulus control in typically developing preschool children and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata).

Moreno¹,

Varella²,

Canovas³

et al. 2014

Psychology & Neuroscience

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This study established a simple simultaneous discrimination between a pair of two-element compound visual stimuli in children (Experiment 1) and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata, Experiment 2). The contingencies required discriminative control by the compound and the question was whether the accurate stimulus control reached at this level would hold for each individual element of the compound. After baseline reached stability, probe trials assessed stimulus control by each single element of both S+ and S-. Average data showed that children (Exp. 1) tended to show stimulus control by a single element of the S+ compound. In Experiment 2 three of four bees showed stimulus control by both elements of S+ and did not respond or responded only infrequently to the elements of the S-. The children's decline in discrimination accuracy in probe trials, along with its maintenance during the baseline, replicated previous findings showing the development of restricted stimulus control (RSC). The precise stimulus control shown by the bees indicated that all elements correlated with reinforcement acquired stimulus control over their behavior; this confirms the extensive literature on visual discriminative learning in bees, but due to the small number of subjects it is premature to say that bees do not develop RSC.

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The Effect of Concurrent Task Load on Stimulus Over-Selectivity

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Factors producing over-selectivity in older individuals

Factors producing over-selectivity in older individuals

Extinction of Over-selected Stimuli Causes Emergence of Under-selected Cues in Higher-functioning Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Assessing restricted stimulus control in typically developing preschool children and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata).

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