The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Nutrient Flow to the Omasum in Dairy Cows Receiving Freshly Cut Grass

Sairanen, Auvo; Khalili, Hannele; Nousiainen, Juha; Ahvenjärvi, Seppo; Huhtanen, Pekka

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72812-5

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The animal-derived CH 4 emissions were calculated as follows: the gross energy consumption of cows on pasture feeding was based on results of Sairanen et al (2005). A conversion factor of 6.5% of gross energy as CH 4 was used (Yan et al 2000) which resulted to an estimate of CH 4 production of 160-176 kg CH 4 cow -1 yr -1…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy cow excreta patches change the boreal grass swards from sink to source of methane

Maljanen

Virkajärvi²,

Martikainen³

2012

AFSci

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We studied the annual methane (CH 4 ) flux rates from experimental excreta patches on a boreal dairy pasture in Eastern Finland. The CH 4 fluxes were measured with a chamber technique during snow free seasons and with gas gradient technique during winter from timothy-meadow fescue sward with mineral N fertilization (220 kg ha -1) and from grass-white clover mixture without mineral N addition. The simulated dung and urine patches were applied in June or August two consecutive grazing seasons. The measurements were carried out for a year following each application except for the last application period, measurements were extended to two years. There were no significant differences in CH 4 fluxes between plant species. CH 4 emissions originated mainly from the fresh dung pats. The annual CH 4 fluxes from the control sites without excreta were on average -0.60 ± 0.1 kg CH 4 ha -1 (net uptake) and with the excreta 0.47 ± 0.3 kg CH 4 ha -1 (net emission). Thus, excreta originating from dairy cows can turn boreal swards from weak sinks to small sources of CH 4 . However, these CH 4 emissions from pasture are only 0.2% of the total CH 4 emissions from a dairy cow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy cow excreta patches change the boreal grass swards from sink to source of methane

Maljanen

Virkajärvi²,

Martikainen³

2012

AFSci

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“…This adjustment represents the potential osmolality decrease in reticulorumen fluid, which in turn enhances net water transfer via the rumen wall (Anil et al, 1993;Storm et al, 2012). The adjusted fractional rate of the net water transfer Agle et al, 2010;Alamouti et al, 2009;Beauchemin et al, 2008;Beauchemin and Yang, 2005;Bowman et al, 2002Bowman et al, , 2003Canale et al, 1988;Casper et al, 1999;Cassida and Stokes, 1986;Couderc et al, 2006;Dado and Allen, 1995;Fernandez et al, 2004;Kammes and Allen, 2012;Kammes et al, 2012a,b;Kargar et al, 2010;Kendall et al, 2009;Kononoff and Heinrichs, 2003a,b;Kononoff et al, 2003;Krämer et al, 2013;Krause et al, 2003;Le Liboux and Peyraud, 1998;Peyraud, 2010, 2011;Lykos et al, 1997;Maekawa et al, 2002;Mathew et al, 2011;Maulfair and Heinrichs, 2013a,b;Maulfair et al, 2010;Mooney and Allen, 2007;Mowrey et al, 1999;Noftsger et al, 2005;Oba and Allen, 2000;Rabelo et al, 2001;Reis and Combs, 2000a,b;Rius et al, 2012;Sairanen et al, 2005;San Emeterio et al, 2000;Soltani et al, 2009;Stensig and Robinson, 1997;…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying body water kinetics and fecal and urinary water output from lactating Holstein dairy cows

Appuhamy

Wagner-Riddle

Casper

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

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Reliable estimates of fresh manure water output from dairy cows help to improve storage design, enhance efficiency of land application, quantify the water footprint, and predict nutrient transformations during manure storage. The objective of the study was to construct a mechanistic, dynamic, and deterministic mathematical model to quantify urinary and fecal water outputs (kg/d) from individual lactating dairy cows. The model contained 4 body water pools: reticulorumen (Q RR ), post-reticulorumen (Q PR ), extracellular (Q EC ), and intracellular (Q IC ). Dry matter (DM) intake, dietary forage, DM, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and ash contents, milk yield, and milk fat and protein contents, days in milk, and body weight were input variables to the model. A set of linear equations was constructed to determine drinking, feed, and saliva water inputs to Q RR and fractional water passage from Q RR to Q PR . Water transfer via the rumen wall was subjected to changes in Q EC and total water input to Q RR . Post-reticulorumen water passage was adjusted for DM intake. Metabolic water production and respiratory cutaneous water losses were estimated with functions of heat production in the model. Water loss in urine was driven by absorbed N left after being removed via milk. Model parameters were estimated simultaneously using observed fecal and urinary water output data from lactating Holstein cows (n = 670). The model was evaluated with data that were not used for model development and optimization (n = 377). The observations in both data sets were related to thermoneutral conditions. The model predicted drinking water intake, fecal, urinary, and total fresh manure water output with root mean square prediction errors as a percentage of average values of 18.1, 15.6, 30.6, and 14.6%, respectively. In all cases, >97% of the prediction error was due to random variability of data. The model can also be used to determine saliva production, heat and metabolic water production, respiratory cutaneous water losses, and size of major body water pools in lactating Holstein cows under thermoneutral conditions.

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“…Concentrate supplementation (R2) provided adequate ME and MP balances at 20 o C, but the ME balance was slightly below the requirement at 30 o C. Higher ME, CP and soluble protein contents in the ration might be the reason of such response. This was confirmed that concentrate supplementation increased nutrient flow and milk production of dairy cows (Bargo et al, 2002;Sairanen et al, 2005;McEvoy et al, 2008). Supplementation of leguminous tree leaves (R3) did not improve much total ME available compared to R1 (23.7 vs 21.1 Mcal/ day) and, hence, negative energy balance occurred.…”

Section: Nutrient Balancementioning

confidence: 57%

“…This was due to the influence of rate of passage. Low fiber feeds such as concentrate have relatively high rate of passage (Sairanen et al, 2005) and this is correlated to its low peNDF value (Fox et al, 2004). The fact implies that the protein from concentrate is more available post-ruminally while the protein from leguminous leaves is more available in the rumen.…”

Section: Nutrient Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementary Feeding on the Nutrient Balance of Lactating Dairy Cow at Contrasting Temperature Regimes: Assessment Using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (Cncps) Model

Jayanegara

Sofyan

2009

J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric.

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Dairy cows often do not receive adequate nutrient supply during their lactation period. This condition can even be worse if the environmental temperature is not in comfortable range which may occur especially in tropical regions. The present research was aimed to simulate the effect of supplementary feeding on nutrient balance of lactating dairy cow at contrasting temperature regimes using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) model. Treatments consisted of feeds (R1: Pennisetum purpureum, R2: P. purpureum + concentrate (60:40), R3: P. purpureum + Gliricidia sepium + Leucaena leucocephala (60:20:20), R4: P. purpureum + concentrate + G. sepium + L. leucocephala (60:20:10:10)) and environmental temperatures (T1: 20 o C, T2: 30 o C). The dairy cow inputs in CNCPS were Holstein breed, body weight of 500 kg, feed intake of 15 kg (dry matter basis) per day and produced milk 15 kg/day. Based on the CNCPS model, there were negative balances of metabolisable energy (ME) and metabolisable protein (MP) if a lactating dairy cow fed only by P. purpureum. The ME balance was worse at higher temperature, while the MP balance was remain unchanged. Addition of concentrate mixture (R2) fulfilled the ME and MP requirements as well as other nutrients. Addition of leguminous tree leaves (R3 and R4) improved the nutritional status of the lactating cow model compared to R1, but did not better than R2. It was concluded that supplementary feeding is necessary for improving the nutrient balance of lactating dairy cow, especially when the cow is maintained under uncomfortable environmental temperature.

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The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Nutrient Flow to the Omasum in Dairy Cows Receiving Freshly Cut Grass

Cited by 30 publications

References 37 publications

Dairy cow excreta patches change the boreal grass swards from sink to source of methane

Dairy cow excreta patches change the boreal grass swards from sink to source of methane

Quantifying body water kinetics and fecal and urinary water output from lactating Holstein dairy cows

Supplementary Feeding on the Nutrient Balance of Lactating Dairy Cow at Contrasting Temperature Regimes: Assessment Using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (Cncps) Model

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