The effect of combinations of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1) on growth of brewing yeasts

Abstract

The interactive effect of combinations of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) on growth of brewing yeasts was examined. Yeast growth was assessed by measurement of dry weight or relative growth, cell number, viability and conductance change of the growth medium using direct and indirect methods. The interactive effect of a combination of these mycotoxins was subject to the ratio of toxins in the mixture and the toxicity of individual toxins on yeast growth. When a combination of mycotoxins at low concentration was added into the growth medium, no significant inhibitory effect on growth was observed compared to controls. However, when a combination of high concentrations of DON and ZEA which individually inhibited yeast growth was examined, the interactive effect was shown to pass from antagonism to synergism depending on the ratio of the toxins in the mixture. As a synergistic interaction between these Fusarium mycotoxins was observed only at high concentrations, which were far higher than would be expected in good quality grain, they are not a concern when related to yeast growth under the brewing conditions studied.

Properties and Fermentation Activity of Industrial Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarum, Candida utilis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus Exposed to AFB1, OTA, and ZEA

“…Yeast sensitivity to mycotoxins seems to vary with the structural composition of the plasma membrane and the ability of mycotoxins to bind to the cell wall and penetrate the cell (15,20). Mycotoxin effects depend not only on the structure of the cell membrane, which can differ even in the same yeast species, but also on its integrity, which is influenced by a number of factors (5).…”

“…Dziuba et al (5) reported strong inhibition of yeast growth by diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), a trichothecenes mycotoxin, while ZEA and OTA had a weaker effect. Boeira et al (18)(19)(20) reported significant yeast growth inhibition by the Fusarium toxins, ZEA, DON, and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Similar findings were reported for the trichothecene, T-2 toxin by Foszczyńska and Dziuba (6), and some authors (5,8,17,21,22) have reported that mycotoxins inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity and consequently fermentation, lower CO2 release, and affect the production of volatile fermentation by-products.…”

Effect of Different Steeping Conditions on Endosperm Modification and Quality of Distilling Malt

“…Despite the pioneering studies on barley which date back to over a century, for example, in the 1900s 53 , in the 1920s 19 , in the 1950s 29,51 , in the 1960s 33 and studies by scientists of the 1970s to the present day 4,6,[12][13][14]18,[20][21][22][23]27,28,[30][31][32][35][36][37][38]40,41,44 , the complexity and incompleteness of our knowledge of grain physiology have resulted in continuous research on cereals, with research studies on barley and malt receiving the most attention when compared to other cereals. This is because of the pivotal role malted barley plays in many applications in the food, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage, baked products and the spirit industries.…”

“…The friabilitimeter was introduced in the early 1980s as a mechanical test to assess the uniformity of endosperm modification of malt samples 24 , although friability scores do not always correlate to brewhouse performance 1,26,27,45,47 . The extensive research into barley has led to a better and in-depth understanding of the physiology of barley and malt 4,6,[12][13][14]18,[20][21][22][23]25,[27][28][29][30]31,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,44 . As a result, experimental observations and conclusions have been drawn and accepted as a pattern of behaviour for barley and malt.…”

Modulation of Porcine β-Defensins 1 and 2 upon Individual and Combined Fusarium Toxin Exposure in a Swine Jejunal Epithelial Cell Line

“…However, investigations on the combined effects of mycotoxins observed in the food supply are scarce. The few studies performed have been based on endpoints that include inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis, DNA methylation and fragmentation, cell viability, and proliferation (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). However, the combined effects of mycotoxins on intestinal immunity are currently poorly understood.…”