The Effect of Castration on the Weight of the Pituitary Body and Other Glands of Internal Secretion in the Rabbit

Livingston, A. E.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1916.40.2.153

Cited by 21 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Loewy and Richter (79) report a decrease of 14-20% in metabolism following ablation of the ovaries in dogs ; the same writers state that injection of ovarian substance into spayed animals results in raising the metabolism 30-50% above normal. Livingston (75) found that the pituitary gland often enlarges after ovariectomy of rabbits.…”

Section: B Physiology Of the Sex Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal motivation : experimental studies on the albino rat /

Warden¹

1931

119

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COLUMBIA OBSTRUCTION METHOD pie) and, with equally easy access to both, supposedly goes to the one having the highest incentive value at the moment. It is difficult to say who first applied this type of test, but certainly it has been used extensively by various workers on lower forms in approaching the problem of the relative potency of tropisms, and of instincts under different conditions. The literature of the last several decades contains so many studies of this sort that it is hardly necessary to cite specific investigations. Mast has perhaps used the method more widely than any other. More recently (1924) Moss ( 8) compared the food-sex drives in the white rat by this method, using a simple technique, which was greatly improved by Tsai (18) the following year. Jenkins (Part I, 1, last 4 pages) developed a standardized apparatus for testing animals by this method in 1925, but we have made no use of this device in our research work on motivation at Columbia, because we have felt that the method, even as improved by Jenkins, is of slight value in this field. In describing the latter apparatus, the writer (4) (Part I, 1, last 4 pages) pointed out the more obvious and fundamental defects of any form of Choice Method, as a means of analyzing dynamic behavior. It is quite impossible to isolate a single drive, since the method itself requires that two physiological states, corresponding to the two incentives used (food-sex, for example) be simultaneously aroused in the organism. But the two states induced are likely to be interdependent and the corresponding drives, unless they are genuinely antagonistic, thus influence one another in various manners and degrees instead of operating as distinct internal tendencies. Furthermore, it is impossible to say in our present state of knowledge precisely how much starvation should be balanced against a given amount of sex deprivation in such a case. The Method of Choice appears to be ill suited to quantitative, analytical work on motivation.The Learning Method (or Training Method) of studying motivation has been employed with some success within a fairly limited field. This method is an adaptation of the usual learning experiment in that different incentives are used in the setting up of the same habit, and the various incentive-drive situations ranked in terms of some common index of learning efficiency (speed, accuracy, etc.). This method has been used in a score or more of studies COLUMBIA OBSTRUCTION METHOD 7 beginning with the early work of Yerkes (1907) on punishment vs. reward; examples of the application of the method to certain 8 COLUMBIA OBSTRUCTION METHOD tinguished from a training method of measuring motivation. The basic principle employed in all these attempts is the general one involved in the usual learning experiment, which has come down to us from Lubbock. As early as 1882, Lubbock (6) laid down the principle that the best method of testing an animal as to its intelligence, etc., is to " interpose some obstacle" between the animals to be tested and some d...

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Section: B Physiology Of the Sex Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal motivation : experimental studies on the albino rat /

Warden¹

1931

119

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“…A variety of observations support the early contentions of Fichera (1905) that the hypophysis increases in size when testes are removed from such animals as common fowl, cattle, rabbit, guinea pig, and buffalo (Paxhorn and Goldstein, 1905;Cimorini, 1908;Hatai, 1913). Others, however, fail to find a consistent increase after castration for much the same group of animals (Marrassini and Luciani, 1911;Pirsche, 1902;Livingston, 1916;Moore, 1922). In a group of guinea pigs under identical conditions, the average weight of the hypophyses of normal males on the 360th day of life was 14 per cent greater than the average of the castrates' hypophyses: the average body weight of the two groups was the same within one per cent (Moore, 1922).…”

Section: Effects Of Castrationmentioning

confidence: 65%

Biology of the testis.

Moore¹

1934

Sex and Internal Secretions: A Survey of Recent Research.

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Review of the Literature of the Past Two Years on the Organs of Internal Secretion

Park¹

1916

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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The review which follows is intended to cover those parts of the literature on internal secretions of the past two years which have seemed to the writer to be especially important or interesting. It was found impossible to master the entire literature that has sprung up about this fruitful subject, much less to include it in its entirety in a review, so that some important work may receive no mention. Cer¬ tain organs known to have an internal secretion, the genital glands and pancreas, and others thought by some to possess an internal secretory function, such as the kidney, have been purposely omitted from consideration for lack of time and space for adequate treatment. On the other hand, the pineal and carotid glands, which have been much exploited recently, have been discussed in some detail, although no certainty exists that they are organs of internal secretion. Pende's "new organ of internal secretion" has been included. 1. Thomas, E.: Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path., L, 283; cited by Pappenheimer.

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The Effect of Castration on the Weight of the Pituitary Body and Other Glands of Internal Secretion in the Rabbit

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Animal motivation : experimental studies on the albino rat /

Animal motivation : experimental studies on the albino rat /

Biology of the testis.

Review of the Literature of the Past Two Years on the Organs of Internal Secretion

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