Biology of the testis.

Moore, Carl R.

doi:10.1037/13343-007

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(80 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Meanwhile they complete the process of maturation by attaining full competence for motility and fertility (though 'capacitation' in the female tract is still required-see below); they may subsequently undergo a decline (Young,193 I). Conditions within the epididymis are exceptionally favourable for survival of spermatozoa (see Moore, 1932), and they retain their fertility here for much longer than in the female tract or in vitro at similar temperature. Fertility is lost before motility, and the ability to form a viable embryo is lost before the ability to take part in fertilization (Young, 1931).…”

Section: The Gametes (I) the Spwmatozoonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilization in Mammals

Austin

Bishop

1957

Biological Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY The mammalian egg is made up of the protoplasmic vitellus, which consists of cytoplasm, nucleus and yolk material, surrounded successively by a thin plasma membrane, a fluid‐filled perivitelline space, and the zona pellucida which is mucoprotein in nature. About the whole there exists the cumulus oophorus consisting of cells embedded in a hyaluronic‐acid matrix. The spermatozoon is composed of a head, bearing a cap or acrosome, and a tail. The latter is subdivided into the neck, the mid‐piece with its mitochondria and possibly Golgi material, the main‐piece, and the end‐piece. The evidence indicates that, within the female tract, both eggs and spermatozoa subsist as aerobic organisms. Presumably, too, fertilization in mammals is adapted to an aerobic environment. The acrosome is known to contain polysaccharide and probably carries the enzymes and other agents that are responsible for penetration of the cumulus, for attachment to and penetration of the zona, and for eliciting a specific response from the vitellus upon contact with its surface. This response is complex and finds rapid expression in the zona reaction and the vitelline block to polyspermy, both of which tend to exclude extra spermatozoa from the egg, and slower expression in the absorption of the spermatozoon into the vitellus, and in the activation of the egg. Activation is associated with resumption of the second meiosis, which completes the process of maturation, with extrusion of the second polar body, and with contraction of the vitellus. Shortly after entry into the vitellus, the nuclear part of the spermatozoon head undergoes transformation into a male pronucleus which becomes recognizable concurrently with the genesis of the female pronucleus from the egg chromosomes. The pronuclei develop at equivalent rates, though in some species the male pronucleus maintains a much larger volume than the female. Development of the pronuclei is competitive and at the expense of limited cytoplasmic stores of formative material, which largely determine the ultimate size of the pronuclei. There is evidence that throughout the whole of fertilization the changes undergone by the male and female elements are normally closely correlated and interdependent. The nucleoli are composed chiefly of basic proteins with some phospholipids and acid phosphatases, and may be involved in the synthesis of nucleoplasmic substances which eventually pass into the cytoplasm. The functions of pronuclei may include production of gene‐modified templates or plasmagenes of significance for future embryonic growth, and the synthesis of extra desoxyribonucleic acid preparatory to cleavage of the egg. Both growth and function of pronuclei are probably dependent upon the enzymic activity of cytoplasmic mitochondria. As a general rule the spermatozoon tail enters the vitellus; it contributes mitochondria and possibly Golgi material to the embryo. Failure of entry of the tail, however, need not prejudice normal development. Eggs remain capable of normal fertilization and development...

show abstract

Section: The Gametes (I) the Spwmatozoonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilization in Mammals

Austin

Bishop

1957

Biological Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For data anid references to the literature seeFremantle, 1897; White, 1904; Thomson-NValker, 1930. 2 For reference to the literatuire, seeMoore, 1932. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The belief that male hormone proper (presuimably some substance closely re]ated to, if not identical with, testosterone) is secreted by the interstitial cells of the testis is a basis ofLower and McCullagh's theory. The evidence both in favour of, and against it, is amply summarized byMoore (1932), and in general it may be said that, so far as mammals are concerned, the view is strongly suipported by the experimental data. A most important observation is that the accessory reproduictive organs may be altogether normal when the germinal epithelium of the testes has completely degenerated (as in experimental cryptorchidism).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endocrine Control of the Prostate

Zuckerman¹

1936

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Endocrine Control of the Prostate By S. ZUCKERMAN BEIT MEMORIAL RESEARCH FELLOW (Fromi the Department of Humnan Anatomy, Oxfordl) FROM the turn of the present century until some five or six years ago, the prostate was an organ whose physiology was little discussed and even less investigated, and whose departures from the normal were events to be treated only by direct surgical methods. Within the past few years, facts about the endocrinology of this organ have multiplied so fast as to suggest a revision of present ideas on the treatment of one of the commoner of prostatic ailments-benign enlargement-and they have also achieved that measure of certainty which justifies their presentation to those whose interests in the organ are not purely scientific. Yet what is now recognized as an endocrinological approach to problems of the prostate is no new 'departure. Surgeons themselves had turned the physiological knowledge of the nineteenth century to account in the treatment of enlarged prostate by what today could well be described as one of the more drastic of endocrinological treatments-castration. This earlier phase in the endocrinological treatment of prostatic disorders, which came to a summary end about 1900, is no less interesting and instructive than that which has developed in recent years. CASTRATION AS TREATMENT FOR PROSTATIC OBSTRUCTION Enlargement of the prostate had been recognized as a clinical entity long before the dependence of prostatic growth on testicular function appears to have been appreciated. Samuel Collins, for example, described the ailment, somewhat vaguely it is true, as far back as 1685, attributing it to "indulgence in venery," and speaking of the presence of many "Hydatides-vesicles full of Liquor" in the "inward Penetrals " of the organ. Morgagni, during the earlier half of the eighteenth century, was also certainly aware of the disorder, and his extensive work on "The Seats and Causes of Diseases" (1769) contains numerous references to it, to observers other than himself who had described it, and to the part played by prostatic enlargement in obstructing the flow of urine. In 1786 John Hunter published his "Observations on the glands situated between the rectum and bladder, called vesicul] seminales," in which he wrote that" the prostate and Cowper's glands, and those of the urethra, which in the perfect male are soft and bulky, with a secretion salt to the taste, in the castrated animal are small, flabby, tough and ligamentous, and have little secretion." Whether or not he was the first to make this observation I do not know. The practice of castration, both as it applies to man himself and to his domestic animals, goes back to time immemorial, and it seems possible that the fact which OCT.-UROL. 1

show abstract

Functional changes in fowl sperm during their passage through the excurrent ducts of the male

Munro¹

1938

J. Exp. Zool.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biology of the testis.

Cited by 8 publications

References 59 publications

Fertilization in Mammals

Fertilization in Mammals

The Endocrine Control of the Prostate

Functional changes in fowl sperm during their passage through the excurrent ducts of the male

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About