The Effect of Body Mass Index on Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Graded Exercise Testing in Children: A Narrative Review

Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros; Kintziou, Eleni; Georgoudis, George; Afonso, José; Vancini, Rodrigo Luiz; Knechtle, Beat

doi:10.3390/sports6040103

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, our results are in concordance with previous research on children, which has shown that the HR peak is independent of sex, age, fitness level, and BMI [52,56,57]. Finally, contrary to one study [58], which observed a lower HR Peak between overweight and obese children (aged 6-18 years), this work has been unable to find this relationship.…”

Section: Cardiac Autonomic Function During Maximal Exercisesupporting

confidence: 85%

Cardiac Evaluation of Exercise Testing in a Contemporary Population of Preschool Children: A New Approach Providing Reference Values

et al. 2022

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The objective of this study was to evaluate cardiac autonomic function at rest, during maximal exercise, and in post-exercise recovery, to determine sex-specific and age-specific differences in resting heart rate (RHR), linear and spectral parameters of Heart Rate Variability (HRV), HRpeak, and heart rate recovery (HRR) after one and five minutes, in preschool children. This study involved a cohort of 167 healthy children (79 girls) aged 3 to 6 years that were selected from several schools in southern Spain. A 10 × 20 m test was conducted, and the cardiovascular response was recorded. No significant differences were found in all variables between the sexes. However, a significant reduction in RHR and an increase in HRR were found from age 4 to age 6. HRV parameters at rest were higher in older children. No associations between 10 × 20 m performance, weight status, and cardiac parameters were found. Simple linear regression analysis revealed that heart rate reserve (HRr), HRR5 min, RMSSD, and HF were the variables that showed association with all HR parameters. There was also a significant correlation between HRr and HRR5 min. In conclusion, cardiovascular autonomic function during rest, exercise, and recovery in Spanish preschool children was not influenced by sex, although older children showed greater cardiovascular modulation. Cardiorespiratory fitness status was not associated with HR response.

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Section: Cardiac Autonomic Function During Maximal Exercisesupporting

confidence: 85%

Cardiac Evaluation of Exercise Testing in a Contemporary Population of Preschool Children: A New Approach Providing Reference Values

et al. 2022

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“…These are important considerations when discussing our findings because the cardiometabolic responses to INT are dependent upon various factors including the intensity of muscle actions, type of muscle actions, the amount of muscle mass used, rest intervals and body position [ 14 , 15 , 40 ]. In addition, age, fitness level and body mass index can influence the acute cardiometabolic responses to exercise and the kinetics of recovery after exercise [ 25 , 34 , 41 ]. Children appear to be less susceptible to neuromuscular fatigue than adults following resistance training [ 42 ] and the post-exercise decline in VO 2 seems to be faster in children with a higher peak VO 2 than those with a lower peak VO 2 [ 34 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Multi-Modal Integrative Neuromuscular Training in Children

Faigenbaum

Kang

Ratamess

et al. 2019

JFMK

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Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) has emerged as an effective strategy for improving health- and skill-related components of physical fitness, yet few studies have explored the cardiometabolic demands of this type of training in children. The aim of this study was to examine the acute cardiometabolic responses to a multi-modal INT protocol and to compare these responses to a bout of moderate-intensity treadmill (TM) walking in children. Participants (n = 14, age 10.7 ± 1.1 years) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and peak heart rate (HR) on a maximal TM test and subsequently participated in two experimental conditions on nonconsecutive days: a 12-min INT protocol of six different exercises performed twice for 30 s with a 30 s rest interval between sets and exercises and a 12-min TM protocol of walking at 50% VO2peak. Throughout the INT protocol mean VO2 and HR increased significantly from 14.9 ± 3.6 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 (28.2% VO2 peak) to 34.0 ± 6.4 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 (64.3% VO2 peak) and from 121.1 ± 9.0 bpm (61.0% HR peak) to 183.5 ± 7.9 bpm (92.4% HR peak), respectively. While mean VO2 for the entire protocol did not differ between INT and TM, mean VO2 and HR during selected INT exercises and mean HR for the entire INT protocol were significantly higher than TM (all Ps ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that INT can pose a moderate to vigorous cardiometabolic stimulus in children and selected INT exercises can be equal to or more metabolically challenging than TM walking.

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“…Studies from different countries and races have shown that the physical fitness of young people correlates negatively with increasing body fat mass (10,23,24). A higher body mass index (BMI) and increased percentage of fat mass had been proved to be negatively related with the CRF level in children and adolescents with normal weight or overweight status (7,25,26). Our team used CPET to measure the peakVO 2 directly and found that excessive body adiposity, regardless of BMI or fat mass index (FMI), negatively affected the CRF of schoolchildren aged 10-18 years (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Peak Oxygen Consumption During Exercise Testing Between Sexes Among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan

Tuan

Chen

et al. 2021

Front. Pediatr.

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Objective: Studies among Western children have observed that the peak oxygen consumption (peak V˙O2) of boys is higher than that of girls, and this difference increases as children progress through adolescence. However, the maturation process and social expectation toward Eastern boys and girls are much different from their Western counterparts. This study aimed to provide baseline information on cardiopulmonary fitness (CRF) of Taiwanese children and adolescents in relation to age and sex. We also evaluated the correlation between body mass and CRF and compared the CRF between non-obese and overweight/obese children.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children and adolescents aged 4–18 years in Taiwan. Participants were classified into four groups based on age (group 1, aged 4–6; group 2, aged 7–9; group 3, aged 10–13; and group 4, aged 14–18 years). All participants completed symptom-limited exercise test by treadmill and anthropometric measurements through bioelectrical impedance method.Results: In total, 897 (448 men, 449 women) participants were analyzed. Boys had higher peak V˙O2 (all p < 0.01) and peak metabolic equivalent (MET, all p < 0.05) than girls in all the four groups. Age significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with peak V˙O2 in all participants, boys, and girls, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9349, 0.9433, and 0.9085, respectively. The peak V˙O2 (all p < 0.001) of all the groups and peak MET (all p < 0.05) of group 2–4 associated with BMI and FMI modestly to moderately. Non-obese children had higher peak MET in group 1 (p = 0.049) and group 2–4 (all p < 0.001) than overweight/obese children significantly.Conclusions: The difference in peak V˙O2 and anthropometry–body composition between sexes was observed earlier in children in Taiwan than those in Western countries. Non-obese children had better CRF than overweight/obese children and the difference presented since preschool age.

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The Effect of Body Mass Index on Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Graded Exercise Testing in Children: A Narrative Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 73 publications

Cardiac Evaluation of Exercise Testing in a Contemporary Population of Preschool Children: A New Approach Providing Reference Values

Cardiac Evaluation of Exercise Testing in a Contemporary Population of Preschool Children: A New Approach Providing Reference Values

Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Multi-Modal Integrative Neuromuscular Training in Children

Comparison of Peak Oxygen Consumption During Exercise Testing Between Sexes Among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan

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