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Reaction time (RT) tasks assess several brain functions, and a slow RT can be due to various brain diseases, disorders, and acquired conditions. This study examined age and gender differences in RTs of Spanish preschool children on the ruler drop test (RDT) and presents norm-referenced results. Participants were 3,741 children (1,845 girls and 1,896 boys; mean [M] age = 55.93, standard deviation [ SD] = 11.14 months; M body mass index = 15.94, SD = 1.91 kg/m), selected from 51 schools in southern Spain. We measured RT with the RDT, and we collected both right- and left-hand data. We expressed normative mean RDT values of both hands according to gender and age in percentiles. Based on mean RDT scores, girls exhibited a poorer performance than boys aged 4 years ( p = .032, Cohen's d = - 0.122) and 5 years ( p = .001, Cohen's d = -0.194). For the whole group, RDT performance was faster with increased age, from the age of five years.

Latorre-Román PÁ, Martínez-López EJ, Ruiz-Ariza A, Izquierdo-Rus T, Salas-Sánchez J, García-Pinillos F. Validez y fi abilidad del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Nutr Hosp 2016;33: [595][596][597][598][599][600][601] Validez y fi abilidad del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in adolescents with overweight and obese. Methods: Participants included 139 overweight and obese adolescents, 91 girls (age = 13.85 ± 1.92 years; body mass index [BMI] = 26.83 ± 3.16 kg/m 2 ) and 48 children (age = 14.29 ± 1.62 years; BMI = 28.31 ± 3.74 kg/m 2 ). To test the enjoyment of physical activity, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was used. Results: The results of the exploratory and confi rmatory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure, also, the PACES showed a very high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.908). The test-retest reliability indicates a good temporary agreement (Spearman rho = 0.815, p < 0.001). Finally, the PACES in adolescents with overweight and obesity showed adequate convergent validity with Intention to be Physically Active (MIFA), the Attraction to Physical Activity (CAPA), cardiorespiratory endurance, subscapularis and suprailiac skin-fold. Conclusion: The fi ndings confi rm that PACES is a valid and reliable measure of physical activity enjoyment in adolescents with overweight and obesity. The physical activity enjoyment may be relevant in the participation of adolescents with overweight and obesity in these activities. ResumenObjetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de disfrute por el ejercicio físico (PACES) en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Métodos: participaron 139 adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad: 91 niñas (edad = 13,85 ± 1,92 años; índice de masa corporal [IMC] = 26,83 ± 3,16 kg/m 2 ) y 48 niños (edad = 14,29 ± 1,62 años; IMC = 28,31 ± 3,74 kg/m 2 ). Para analizar el disfrute por la actividad física se empleó el cuestionario Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Resultados: los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio y confi rmatorio han mostrado una estructura de dos factores; a su vez el PACES presenta una consistencia interna muy alta (alfa de Cronbach = 0,908). La fi abilidad test-retest indica una buena concordancia temporal (Spearman rho = 0,815, p < 0,001). Por último, el PACES en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad manifi esta una validez convergente adecuada con la intencionalidad de ser activo (MIFA), la atracción por la actividad física (CAPA), la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y los pliegues suprailiaco y subescapular. Conclusión: los resultados confi rman que el PACES es una medida válida y fi able del disfrute por la actividad física en adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. El disfrute por la actividad física puede ser relevant...

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