The effect of benzene on the structure of low-pressure premixed H2/CH4/CO-air flames and related NO formation at different equivalence ratios

Investigation of temperature correction methods for fine wire thermocouple losses in low‐pressure flat premixed laminar flames

“…10 equivalence ratio, Φ, was varied from lean to rich conditions for kinetic studies purposes, i.e., Φ=0.8 (L1), 1.0 (S1) and 1.2 (R1). The H2/CH4/CO-air flames (L1, S1, R1) were previously investigated, both numerically and experimentally, with a detailed kinetic analysis [35]. The flame temperatures were measured with a customized fine B-type thermocouple made of PtRh6%-PtRh30% wires.…”

Combined effect of experimental and kinetic uncertainties on NO predictions in low-pressure premixed laminar H2/CH4/CO-air and H2/CH4/CO/C6H6-air flames

“…Along with this step, the assessment of the experimental error affecting the temperature measurements in the flat premixed laminar flames was also carried out. The temperature measurements obtained with a customized thin wire type B thermocouple (Pt6%-Rh30%), were corrected for radiation losses and details about the employed correction method can be found in [15,44]. A brief description of experimental setup and flame conditions is given in Section 2.1.…”

“…Hence, a significant amount of research is needed to improve the understanding of NO x formation when COG is used as fuel. Cafiero et al [15] carried out a joint experimental and kinetic modelling study on twelve low-pressure 1D premixed laminar flames, which were fed with H 2 /CH 4 /CO-air mixtures, representative of COG, doped with an increasing volumetric percentage of C 6 H 6 (up to 1.12% in the fuel side) under three different equivalence ratios, φ= 0.8, 1.0, 1.2. They investigated the effect of the C 6 H 6 addition on flame structure and NO formation, which was found to increase with the presence of C 6 H 6 in the fuel-air mixture due to the enhancement of both the thermal and the prompt NO formation routes.…”

“…In this work, a forward UQ study employing PCE and sparse grids has been performed to investigate not only the effect of uncertain kinetic parameters, but also the influence of uncertain temperature measurements, on the prediction of NO emissions in six H 2 /CH 4 /CO-air 1D premixed laminar flames at low pressure, three of which doped with 1.12% of C 6 H 6 in the fuel mixture [15]. The most impactful reactions have been identified with a local uncertainty-weighted sensitivity analysis that has been extended to account for the effect of the temperature variability and the different pathway contribution to NO x formation in distinct regions within the flame.…”

Digital Twin for Experimental Data Fusion Applied to a Semi-Industrial Furnace Fed with H2-Rich Fuel Mixtures

“…It is a H 2 -rich fuel mixture, considered as a surrogate of an industrial Coke Oven Gas (COG) mixture. As in [14], the H 2 /CH 4 /CO fuel mixture composition was fixed by considering only the major components of the more complex industrial COG composition. Moreover, the relative ratios of H 2 , CH 4 and CO correspond to the ones in the fuel source mixture, and they are in accordance with those related to other COG compositions available in literature [15][16][17].…”