The effect of anthocyanins supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials

Abstract

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess effect of consuming anthocyanins (ACNs; pure ACNs or products containing ACNs) on liver enzymes levels including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT). Although no significant impact was detected on the liver enzymes, a significant reduction was observed on ALT (WMD = −4.932 U/L, 95% CI = −9.848 to −0.015, p = .049) and AST (WMD = −3.464 U/L, 95% CI = −6.034 to −0.894, p = .008) in the studies that examined them as primary outcomes. A significant decrease was found on AST among the healthy subjects (WMD = −4.325 U/L, 95% CI = −8.516 to −0.134, p = .043) and in the studies that used products containing ACNs as intervention (WMD = −2.201 U/L, 95% CI = −4.275 to −0.127, p = .037). Although no significant relation was detected between ACNs dosage and the liver enzymes, significant associations were found between the duration of trial with ALT (ALT: slope: 0.09, 95% CI = 0.040 to 0.139, p = .0003) and AST (slope: 0.076, 95% CI = 0.037 to 0.115, p = .0001). In conclusion, although ACNs had no significant effect on the liver enzymes, a significant decrease was discovered on ALT and AST in the studies that evaluated them as primary outcomes. A significant reduction was observed in AST in the healthy individuals and in the studies used products containing ACNs as intervention. Significant relations were also found between the duration of trial with ALT and AST. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Anthocyanins: Traditional Uses, Structural and Functional Variations, Approaches to Increase Yields and Products’ Quality, Hepatoprotection, Liver Longevity, and Commercial Products

“…In addition to the regulation of the thermogenic and secretory functions of BAT (brown adipose tissue), it also lowered ROS production, and oxidative stress [277,278]. In a more recent report, the liver functional biomarkers' levels were estimated after consumption of the pure anthocyanins, anthocyanin-rich extracts, and products to check the efficacy of the products and the pure compound itself, no plausible relationship were established but levels of ALT and AST were observed to be significantly reduced upon the anthocyanins intervention in healthy subjects [279]. The NAFLD has been found to be linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and CVS disorders.…”

Should We ‘Eat a Rainbow’? An Umbrella Review of the Health Effects of Colorful Bioactive Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables

“…Thirty-three of the n = 67 (49%) RCT MAs reported improved inflammatory, oxidative, lipid, or glycemic markers (e.g., adiponectin, apolipoprotein A1/B, CRP, fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, LDL and HDL cholesterol, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, triglycerides, see Table S8 for full list) [26,[101][102][103][104], as well as vascular reactivity (SMD 0.77; 95% CI 0.37, 1.16) [105] and BMI (SMD −0.36 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI −0.58, −0.13) [27]. No improvements were found for liver enzymes [106], uric acid, blood pressure [107], waist circumference [107], delayed onset muscle soreness [101] or vascular stiffness [105].…”

Current management of liver diseases and the role of multidisciplinary approach

“…A study has shown the beneficial effect of propolis supplementation on biological parameters such as: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α[ 27 ]. Sangsefidi et al [ 28 ] reported a significant association between the duration of anthocyanin supplementation experiment with the levels of ALT and AST. However, ALT-related results should be interpreted with caution due to study limitation.…”