The Effect of Al and Fe Doping on Solar Cells Made from Compensated Silicon

Bartel, T.; Lauer, Kevin; Heuer, M.; Kaes, Martin; Walerysiak, M.; Gibaja, Fabien; Lich, J.; Bauer, Jan; Kirscht, F.G.

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.027

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Because BOSCO cells have been shown to be less sensitive to decreasing bulk diffusion length compared with the other concepts, especially still supporting bifacial applications, see Section 4, scenarios of lower silicon prices of $10/kg and $5/kg are also considered. These lower cost could, for example, be realized by avoiding the gaseous phase during feedstock purification . For the routes using p ‐type mc‐Si wafers (Al‐BSF, PERC, BOSCO and mcPERT), a block‐casting crystallisation process is assumed, while for the CzPERT cells, individual ingots are pulled by the Czochralski method .…”

Section: Economicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic feasibility of bifacial silicon solar cells

Fertig

Nold

Wöhrle

et al. 2016

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Bifacial solar cells and modules are a promising approach to increase the energy output of photovoltaic systems, and therefore decrease levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). This work discusses the bifacial silicon solar cell concepts PERT (passivated emitter, rear totally diffused) and BOSCO (both sides collecting and contacted) in terms of expected module cost and LCOE based on in-depth numerical device simulation and advanced cost modelling. As references, Al-BSF (aluminium back-surface field) and PERC (passivated emitter and rear) cells with local rear-side contacts are considered. In order to exploit their bifacial potential, PERT structures (representing cells with single-sided emitter) are shown to require bulk diffusion lengths of more than three times the cell thickness. For the BOSCO concept (representing cells with double-sided emitter), diffusion lengths of half the cell thickness are sufficient to leverage its bifacial potential. In terms of nominal LCOE, BOSCO cells are shown to be cost-competitive under monofacial operation compared with an 18% efficient (≙ pMPP = 18 mW/cm2) multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) Al-BSF cell and a 19% mc-Si PERC cell for maximum output power densities of pMPP ≥ 17.3 mW/cm2 and pMPP ≥ 18.1 mW/cm2, respectively. These values assume the use of $10/kg silicon feedstock for the BOSCO and $20/kg for the Al-BSF and PERC cells. For the PERT cell, corresponding values are pMPP ≥ 21.7 mW/cm2 and pMPP ≥ 22.7 mW/cm2, respectively, assuming the current price offset (≈50%, at the time of October 2014) of n-type Czochralski-grown silicon (Cz-Si) compared with mc-Si wafers. The material price offset of n-type to p-type Cz-Si wafers (≈15%, October 2014) currently accounts for approximately 1 mW/cm2, which correlates to a conversion efficiency difference of 1%abs for monofacial illumination with 1 sun. From p-type mc-Si to p-type Cz-Si (≈30% wafer price offset, October 2014), this offset is approximately 2.5 mW/cm2 for a PERT cell. When utilizing bifacial operation, these required maximum output power densities can be transformed into required minimum rear-side illumination intensities for arbitrary front-side efficiencies ηfront by means of the performed numerical simulations. For a BOSCO cell with ηfront = 18%, minimum rear-side illumination intensities of ≤ 0.02 suns are required to match a 19% PERC cell in terms of nominal LCOE. For an n-type Cz-Si PERT cell with ηfront = 21%, corresponding values are ≤ 0.11 suns with 0.05 suns being the n-type to p-type material price offset. This work strongly motivates the use of bifacial concepts to generate lowest LCOE

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Section: Economicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic feasibility of bifacial silicon solar cells

Fertig

Nold

Wöhrle

et al. 2016

Progress in Photovoltaics

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“…Enhancement of solar cells efficiency is the aim of many articles (Buie and Monger 2004;Pauwels and Vos 1981). Using doping atoms in absorber films is a very usual method to enhance photovoltaic (PV) power in solar cells that is used frequently in recent years (Wolf 1986;Bartel et al 2012). Most of them focused on the optical solar cell configuration, design and synthesis of the optical layers used in the PV solar cells in order to achieve more power (Bouhafs et al 1988;Rajvikram and Leoponraj 2018).Focusing on geometric optics and extra optical elements to enhance or control the solar cell efficiency could be very effective, low cost and green methods but are utilized rarely (Nfaoui and El-Hami 2018;NaichiaYeh 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of plano-convex cylindrical lens effects on photovoltaic solar cells efficiency

Koushki

Kazemi

2020

Opt Quant Electron

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A method for control and modification of solar cell efficiency using a plano-convex cylindrical lens is proposed. Optical effects of a plano-convex cylindrical lens placed on a solar cell are detailed theoretically and numerical simulations are used to modify the efficiency of the cell. It was found that the lens could reduce the incident angle of the beam and enhance the solar cell voltage. The output power from the solar cell could be controlled using this lens during the day and a modification method is proposed in order to gain more output power from a solar cell. This method is a low cost and green method to gain controllable output voltage from the photovoltaic solar cells. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of this method.

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“…The mechanical strength of the c-Si substrates has an obvious effect on the breakage rate of the solar cells and PV modules during the subsequent handling and processing steps. Bartel et al showed that Fe as well as Al contamination below 0.5 ppmw in compensated silicon feedstock causes no measurable negative impacts on cell performance and its reliability [3]. Sinton reported that the solar cell efficiency can be well predicted according to carrier lifetime measurements of mc-Si brick [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of soldering induced damages on crystalline silicon solar modules fabricated by hot-air soldering method

et al. 2015

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a b s t r a c tIn this study, electroluminescent (EL), eddy current (EC) technology, and IeV measurements were used to analyze the soldering-induced damages on crystalline silicon solar modules fabricated by hot-air soldering method. Experimental results reveal that the most common defects, in the order of occurrence frequency, are cracks, gridfinger interruption at busbar (GFIB), and floating solders. High thermal stress is the main cause for the cracks and GFIB, which mostly appear close to the region of silver paste. Floating solder is often observed in a soldering process using materials with high melting temperatures such as lead-free solders. Both GFIB and floating solder induce obvious power degradation. Although floating solder is not easily identified in an EL image, it can be detected by using the EC method. The tensile tests reveal that if more floating solders occur in a sample group, then these samples also show lower tensile strength.

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The Effect of Al and Fe Doping on Solar Cells Made from Compensated Silicon

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Economic feasibility of bifacial silicon solar cells

Economic feasibility of bifacial silicon solar cells

Simulation of plano-convex cylindrical lens effects on photovoltaic solar cells efficiency

Detection of soldering induced damages on crystalline silicon solar modules fabricated by hot-air soldering method

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