The effect of air-fuel ratio on tailpipe exhaust emission of motorcycles

A, Odunlami O.; Oderinde, O K; Akeredolu, F.A.; Sonibare, Jacob Ademola; Obanla, O. R.; Ojewumi, M. E.

doi:10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100040

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The stroke was set to 136 mm considering the moving area of the linear machine. The air-fuel ratio was set at 14.7, which is the ideal ratio for gasoline [29]. The CR was 15.…”

Section: Linear Machine Partmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nonlinear Spring Characteristics on the Efficiency of Free-Piston Engine Generator

et al. 2022

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Piston motion is an important factor in improving the energy conversion efficiency of free-piston engine generators (FPEGs), and an air cylinder is an important component affecting piston motion. In this study, the effect of the air cylinder specifications on the piston drive frequency and energy conversion efficiency is clarified. By considering that the repulsion force of an air cylinder is nonlinear, the main factors that change the piston drive frequency were investigated by simulation. In addition, a piston drive frequency diagram was drawn based on the top surface area of the air cylinder and the compression ratio to discuss the effect of the air cylinder specifications on the piston drive frequency. The results indicate that the air cylinder specifications affect the piston drive frequency and generation force of a linear machine. Moreover, the structure of the air cylinder and the constraints on the maximum generation force of the linear machine narrow the possible operating range in the piston drive frequency. The air cylinder specifications based on the piston drive frequency diagram improved the FPEG energy conversion efficiency by 0.5%.

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“…The stroke was set to 136 mm considering the moving area of the linear machine. The air-fuel ratio was set at 14.7, which is the ideal ratio for gasoline [29]. The CR was 15.…”

Section: Linear Machine Partmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nonlinear Spring Characteristics on the Efficiency of Free-Piston Engine Generator

et al. 2022

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“…Addressing this pressing concern necessitates a careful balance between engine power and environmental harm. In this context, the adjustment of the air-fuel mixture ratio [ 3 ] emerges as a sustainable approach to tackle this critical issue. By implementing such an approach, not only can harmful emissions be substantially reduced, but also the efficiency of spark-ignition engines can be enhanced [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An elite approach to re-design Aquila optimizer for efficient AFR system control

Izci,

Ekinci,

Hussien

2023

PLoS ONE

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Controlling the air-fuel ratio system (AFR) in lean combustion spark-ignition engines is crucial for mitigating emissions and addressing climate change. In this regard, this study proposes an enhanced version of the Aquila optimizer (ImpAO) with a modified elite opposition-based learning technique to optimize the feedforward (FF) mechanism and proportional-integral (PI) controller parameters for AFR control. Simulation results demonstrate ImpAO’s outstanding performance compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. It achieves a minimum cost function value of 0.6759, exhibiting robustness and stability with an average ± standard deviation range of 0.6823±0.0047. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirms highly significant differences (p<0.001) between ImpAO and other algorithms. ImpAO also outperforms competitors in terms of elapsed time, with an average of 43.6072 s per run. Transient response analysis reveals that ImpAO achieves a lower rise time of 1.1845 s, settling time of 3.0188 s, overshoot of 0.1679%, and peak time of 4.0371 s compared to alternative algorithms. The algorithm consistently achieves lower error-based cost function values, indicating more accurate control. ImpAO demonstrates superior capabilities in tracking the desired input signal compared to other algorithms. Comparative assessment with recent metaheuristic algorithms further confirms ImpAO’s superior performance in terms of transient response metrics and error-based cost functions. In summary, the simulation results provide strong evidence of the exceptional performance and effectiveness of the proposed ImpAO algorithm. It establishes ImpAO as a reliable and superior solution for optimizing the FF mechanism-supported PI controller for the AFR system, surpassing state-of-the-art algorithms and recent metaheuristic optimizers.

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“…One of the crucial parameters in determining engine exhaust gas emissions is the airto-fuel ratio (A/F) [19][20][21][22][23]. Several methodologies can be applied to measure and control the A/F, provided that the cycle-to-cycle intake air flow rate can be measured [24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Cyclic Variation of the Air-to-Fuel Ratio of Exhaust Gas in an SI Engine by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Ikeda¹,

Kawahara

2022

Energies

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Temporally and spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to a four-stroke, single-cylinder test engine’s cyclic exhaust gas to demonstrate engine performance. The LIBS technique provided quantitative air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) measurements by generating localized breakdown plasma during the compression and exhaust strokes. The results showed that the timing and duration settings of the emission energy ionization and molecular spectra affect the intensity peaks. Optimum measurements performed between 200 ns and 10 ms after breakdown resulted in observed atomic spectra of CI (248 nm), Hβ (485 nm), Hα (656 nm), NI (745, 824 nm), and OI (777, 844 nm). The intensities of CI (248 nm) and Hα (656 nm) decreased with increasing A/F, whereas the intensity ratios of NI and OI remained constant. A decrease in the intensity ratio of C/O and Hα/O was observed as the A/F increased. This study is a major step toward defining a means of using LIBS to control the A/F ratio in gasoline engines by focusing on the exhaust gas rather than the flame.

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The effect of air-fuel ratio on tailpipe exhaust emission of motorcycles

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Nonlinear Spring Characteristics on the Efficiency of Free-Piston Engine Generator

Effect of Nonlinear Spring Characteristics on the Efficiency of Free-Piston Engine Generator

An elite approach to re-design Aquila optimizer for efficient AFR system control

Measurement of Cyclic Variation of the Air-to-Fuel Ratio of Exhaust Gas in an SI Engine by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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