The Effect of Aging on the Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Cu-Ni-Si

Ventura, Anthony P.; Marvel, Christopher J.; Pawlikowski, Gregory T.; Bayes, Martin; Watanabe, Masashi; Vinci, Richard P.; Misiołek, Wojciech Z.

doi:10.1007/s11661-017-4363-8

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The best value from the bar specimens achieved was 50.3% IACS. This was better than AlSi10Mg at 30.4% IACS [9] and copper-tin alloys at 43.2% [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…It was found that the copper used in the experiment had 0.6% phosphorus in the starting powder, which has a severe negative effect on conductivity. Others have tested copper alloys with 3.3-5% tin [31,32] which resulted in high-density parts. They performed electrical tests using a 4-point Kelvin measurement system which measured up to 24% IACS as-built and through thermal ageing were able to improve this to 43.2% IACS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electrical resistivity of pure copper processed by medium-powered laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for use in electromagnetic applications

Silbernagel

Gargalis

Ashcroft

et al. 2019

Additive Manufacturing

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Pure copper is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor, however, attempts to process it with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have seen various levels of success. While electron beam melting (EBM) has successfully processed pure copper to high densities, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has had difficulties achieving the same results without the use of very high power lasers. This requirement has hampered the exploration of using LPBF with pure copper as most machines are equipped with lasers that have low to medium laser power densities. In this work, experiments were conducted to process pure copper with a 200W LPBF machine with a small laser spot diameter resulting in an above average laser power density in order to maximise density and achieve low electrical resistivity. The effects of initial build orientation and post heat treatment were also investigated to explore their influence on electrical resistivity. It was found that despite issues with high porosity, heat treated specimens had a lower electrical resistivity than other common AM materials such as the aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg. By conducting these tests, it was found that despite having approximately double the resistivity of commercially pure copper, the resistivity was sufficiently low enough to demonstrate the potential to use AM to process copper suitable for electrical applications. Highlights• Medium powered LPBF machines can process pure Cu to an acceptable level.• Resistivity of as-built Cu increases by 33% depending on initial build orientation.• Resistivity can be reduced by over 50% from as-built conditions via heat treatment.• Electrical resistivity values once heat treated are lower than AlSi10Mg values.

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“…The best value from the bar specimens achieved was 50.3% IACS. This was better than AlSi10Mg at 30.4% IACS [9] and copper-tin alloys at 43.2% [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical resistivity of pure copper processed by medium-powered laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for use in electromagnetic applications

Silbernagel

Gargalis

Ashcroft

et al. 2019

Additive Manufacturing

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“…Direct aging of the DED processed 300-Ni maraging steel resulted in uniform precipitation of Ni 3 Ti, Ni 3 Mo, and Fe 7 Mo 6 phases [118]. In Cu alloys, significant supersaturation of the α-Cu matrix allowed the as-built samples to respond well to direct aging without an intermediate solution annealing step [119][120][121].…”

Section: Compositional Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The supersaturated matrix with higher solute solubility is another unique microstructural aspect in MAM parts. It helps remove a solution annealing heat treatment step because the parts responded well to direct aging [119][120][121]. Also, the in-situ heat treatment of the previously deposited layer initiates fine precipitation from the supersaturated matrix during part fabrication and reduces the overall aging time and temperature [115].…”

Section: Summary and Future Directionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Aspects of Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts: A Review

2021

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Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) is an emerging technology to produce complex end-use metallic parts. To adopt MAM for manufacturing numerous engineering parts used in critical applications, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the complex thermal cycles in MAM and the unique heterogeneous microstructures of MAM parts need to be established. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of heterogeneous microstructures in MAM parts, including melt pool boundaries, heterogeneous grain structure, sub-grain cellular structure, matrix supersaturation, segregation, phase transformation, oxides formation, and texture. The evolution of residual stresses and the anisotropy in MAM parts and the post-MAM heat treatment effects on the microstructural evolution are also discussed. This review covers the microstructural aspects of most engineering materials in particular steels, high entropy alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, and copper alloys, with a primary focus on the parts manufactured using selective laser melting, direct energy deposition, and electron beam melting processes.

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“…4 Cu powders are more present in the joining of solders and electrodes, as lubrication greases and abradable seals. 5 The extensive increase of metal powder production and consumption was caused by additive manufacturing which has had an impact in recent years. 6,7 For additive manufacturing the spherical shape of the powder particles is recommended, because the flow rate of the powder must be suitable for the smooth layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of non-ferrous metal powders

Kraner¹,

Medved²,

Godec³

et al. 2020

Mater. Tehnol.

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With the extended use of additive manufacturing in the past few years, powder metallurgy is quickly acquiring a more important role in world industry. Because the metal powder represents the initial material for most of additive-manufacturing processes, the properties of final products are directly influenced by the powder properties. Besides the product properties, the chosen process parameters are based on the characteristics of the powder. In this work the physical and thermal properties as well as the microstructure of different non-ferrous metal powders were investigated. The flow rate, tap and apparent density, angle of repose, compression factor and Hauser ratio were measured or calculated. The microstructures of separate metal powder particles were observed with a light microscope. The particles' shape, size and roughness were investigated with a scanning electron microscope and the correlations with the determined physical properties were found. From the heating and cooling cycle curves of different scanning calorimetries the liquid and solidification temperatures were determined and the influence of the chemical composition on them was observed. Keywords: powder metallurgy, powder properties, different scanning calorimetry, microstructure Z obse`nej{o uporabo dodajalnih tehnologij v zadnjih nekaj letih je tudi metalurgija prahov dobila precej bolj pomembno vlogo v svetovni industriji. Za postopke dodajalnih tehnologij kovinski prah predstavlja vhodni material, kar pomeni, da so lastnosti izdelkov narejenih z dodajalno tehnologijo, neposredno odvisne od lastnosti prahu. Hkrati so od lastnosti prahu odvisni tudi izbrani parametri procesa. [tudija je zajemala raziskave fizikalnih in termi~nih lastnosti, kot tudi opazovanje mikrostrukture razli~nih ne`eleznih kovinskih prahov. Dolo~ene ali izra~unane so bile teko~nost, nasipna in stresalna gostota, nasipni kot, faktor stisljivosti in Hauserjevo razmerje. Mikrostruktura posameznih pra{nih delcev je bila opazovana s svetlobnim mikroskopom. Oblika, velikost in hrapavost pra{nih delcev so bili preiskovani z vrsti~nim elektronskim mikroskopom. Opa`ene so bile dolo~ene povezave med karakteristikami pra{nih delcev in izmerjenimi lastnostmi prahu. S segrevalnimi in ohlajevalnimi krivuljami diferen~ne vrsti~ne kalorimetrije so bile dolo~ene temperature pri~etka taljenja in strjevanja. Opazovan je bil tudi vpliv kemijske sestave na spreminjanje omenjenih temperatur. Klju~ne besede: metalurgija prahov, lastnosti prahu, diferen~na vrsti~na kalorimetrija, mikrostruktura

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The Effect of Aging on the Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Cu-Ni-Si

Cited by 26 publications

References 41 publications

Electrical resistivity of pure copper processed by medium-powered laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for use in electromagnetic applications

Electrical resistivity of pure copper processed by medium-powered laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing for use in electromagnetic applications

Heterogeneous Aspects of Additive Manufactured Metallic Parts: A Review

Characterization of non-ferrous metal powders

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