The Effect of Age and Sex on Bone Density, Bone Mineral Content and Cortical Index

Leichter, Isaac; Weinreb, A.; Hazan, Gershon; Loewinger, E.; Robin, Gordon C.; Steinberg, R.; Menczel, J; Makin, M. J.

doi:10.1097/00003086-198105000-00034

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Factors such as geometry of the bone, age, gender, stature of the patient, species, and differences in bone density render bone specimens nonuniform. These factors have the potential to influence pullout testing 27–29 . The biologic variability of bone and mechanical testing methods are important considerations when designing and interpreting mechanical studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pullout Properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF Self‐Tapping and Cortex Screws in a Uniform Synthetic Material and in Canine Bone

et al. 2001

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OBJECTIVES--To compare the pullout properties of 3.5-mm AO/ASIF self-tapping screws (STS) to corresponding standard cortex screws (CS) in a uniform synthetic test material and in canine femoral bone. The influence of screw-insertion technique, test material, and test-material thickness were also assessed. STUDY DESIGN--In vitro experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION--Two independent studies: a uniform synthetic test material and paired femurs from mature dogs. METHODS-Mechanical testing was performed in accordance with standards established by the American Society for Testing and Materials for determination of axial pullout strength of medical bone screws. Completely inserted STS, completely inserted CS, and incompletely inserted STS were tested in 3 groups of 10 test specimens each in 4.96-mm and 6.8-mm thick sheets of synthetic material. In the bone study, group 1 consisted of 24 completely inserted STS compared with 24 completely inserted CS, and group 2 consisted of 24 incompletely inserted STS versus 24 completely inserted CS. Comparisons were made between paired femurs at corresponding insertion sites. Pullout data were normalized, thereby eliminating the effect of test-material thickness on pullout properties. Mean values were compared using 2-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at P <.05. RESULTS--In both the 4.96-mm and 6.8-mm synthetic material, pullout testing of the completely inserted STS demonstrated significantly greater yield strength and ultimate strength than completely inserted CS. There was no significant difference between incompletely inserted STS and completely inserted STS. The 6.8-mm test material significantly increased yield strength and ultimate strength for all test groups compared with the 4.96-mm test material. In canine bone, there was no significant difference in yield strength of completely inserted STS and completely inserted CS. Yield strength of completely inserted STS and completely inserted CS were significantly greater than incompletely inserted STS. CONCLUSIONS--Pullout properties of completely inserted STS were significantly greater than corresponding CS in a uniform test material. In canine bone, the pullout strength of STS and CS were not different. Incomplete STS insertion resulted in an 18% reduction in holding power as compared with completely inserted CS and STS in canine bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE--The length of STS used in canine bone should be such that the cutting flutes extend beyond the trans cortex to maximize pullout strength.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pullout Properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF Self‐Tapping and Cortex Screws in a Uniform Synthetic Material and in Canine Bone

et al. 2001

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“…Figure shows that the donors of the excised‐fracture bones (all women) were not gender matched with the cadaveric donors of the excised control‐bone (mostly men) and the in vivo ‐osteoporotic patients (all women) were not gender‐matched with the in vivo ‐control patients (mostly men). There is evidence in the literature that men have a higher bone mineral content than women but our ‘more male’ groups both have lower mineral‐to‐collagen ratio than our ‘more female’ groups which suggests the gender matching does not affect the findings (there is also biomechanical evidence that at the material level bone from men is similar to bone from women). We did not have enough control data to test statistically whether there was a relationship between gender and the collagen‐eigenvector, but what data we did have is plotted in supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…There is evidence in the literature that bone mineral content varies with ageand that it decreases in non‐fractured individuals in the last decades of life . We investigated the relationship between age and the collagen‐eigenvector loading in our cohorts and found no association (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Towards the in vivo prediction of fragility fractures with Raman spectroscopy

Buckley

Kerns

Vinton

et al. 2015

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Fragility fractures, those fractures which result from low level trauma, have a large and growing socio‐economic cost in countries with aging populations. Bone‐density‐based assessment techniques are vital for identifying populations that are at higher risk of fracture, but do not have high sensitivity when it comes to identifying individuals who will go on to have their first fragility fracture. We are developing Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) as a tool for retrieving chemical information from bone non‐invasively in vivo. Unlike X‐ray‐based techniques SORS can retrieve chemical information from both the mineral and protein phases of the bone. This may enable better discrimination between those who will or will not go on to have a fragility fracture because both phases contribute to bone's mechanical properties. In this study we analyse excised bone with Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, and then attempt to look for similar Raman signals in vivo using SORS. We show in the excised work that on average, bone fragments from the necks of fractured femora are more mineralised (by 5–10%) than (cadaveric) non‐fractured controls, but the mineralisation distributions of the two cohorts are largely overlapped. In our in vivo measurements, we observe similar, but as yet statistically underpowered, differences. After the SORS data (the first SORS measurements reported of healthy and diseased human cohorts), we identify methodological developments which will be used to improve the statistical significance of future experiments and may eventually lead to more sensitive prediction of fragility fractures. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Studies by Leichter et al [17] and Gilsanz et al [18] also show no difference between genders. In our study there was a nearly equal number of right and left specimens (22 and 24, respectively), and handedness seemed not to influence these results as most of the patients were right-handed (91.3%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Radioanatomical Measurements of the Medullary Cavity of the Humerus in Kuwait: Ethnic Differences and Clinical Implications for Fracture Fixation

Pospula¹,

Noor²,

Roshdy³

et al. 2004

Med Princ Pract

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Objective: To compare the difference in diameter of the medullary cavity of the humerus in Arab and South Asian patients in Kuwait. Subjects and Methods: In 46 patients (29 Arab, 17 South Asian) treated at Al-Razi Hospital, Kuwait, for diaphyseal fracture of the humerus, the medullary cavity of the humerus on the radiographs of the uninjured (contralateral side) was examined. Bone density was also measured. Statistical significance was calculated by parametric and nonparametric test using SPSS package. Results: South Asians had a significantly narrower medullary cavity (p < 0.05) and higher cortical indices (p < 0.05) than Arabs, and also a narrower external diameter of the humerus at levels 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In cases of fracture of the humerus, radiographic measurements of the diameter of the medullary cavity of the uninjured side were essential in selecting the appropriate fixation device.

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The Effect of Age and Sex on Bone Density, Bone Mineral Content and Cortical Index

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Pullout Properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF Self‐Tapping and Cortex Screws in a Uniform Synthetic Material and in Canine Bone

Pullout Properties of 3.5‐mm AO/ASIF Self‐Tapping and Cortex Screws in a Uniform Synthetic Material and in Canine Bone

Towards the in vivo prediction of fragility fractures with Raman spectroscopy

Radioanatomical Measurements of the Medullary Cavity of the Humerus in Kuwait: Ethnic Differences and Clinical Implications for Fracture Fixation

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