The effect of agarose content on the morphology, phase evolution, and magnetic properties of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles prepared by sol‐gel autocombustion method

Abstract

Hard‐magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were produced with the sol‐gel autocombustion route using agarose and citric acid as a neutral organic gel and combustion agent. For this purpose, the obtained gel is annealed at 800°C for 3 hours and then the spinel structure of the samples was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the existence of metal‐oxygen complexes in the gel and nanoparticles was investigated by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectra. Furthermore, FESEM images showed that semispherical and rod‐like particles were obtained by variation in agarose contents. For the rod‐like sample with 2.5 g agarose, the saturation magnetization and coercivity were measured equal to 71.7 emu/g and 10076.84 Oe, respectively.

Effect of apple cider vinegar agent on the microstructure, phase evolution, and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles

“…Among magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), the iron oxides and ferrites have attracted the most attention of numerous researchers duo to their wide range of applications in biomedicine, cancer treatment, and etc . CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) with a cubic inverse spinel structure contains Co 2+ ions distributed at octahedral sites (B) and Fe 3+ ions placed at tetrahedral sites (A) and octahedral sites (B) .…”

“…CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) with a cubic inverse spinel structure contains Co 2+ ions distributed at octahedral sites (B) and Fe 3+ ions placed at tetrahedral sites (A) and octahedral sites (B) . Cobalt ferrite has the excellent properties including antibacterial characteristics, low toxicity, low cost, mechanical hardness, large crystalline anisotropy, high coercivity, high Curie temperature, moderate saturation magnetization, and considerable chemical and thermal stability that make it as one of the most practical candidates for biomedical applications. The widespread range of its applications in various industries such as data storage devices, sensitive sensors, high density magnetic recorders, targeted drug delivery systems, electronic devices, magnetic resonance imaging, catalysis, and ferrofluids indicates the importance of this material category.…”

“…Therefore, numerous articles have been published focusing on the improvement of the properties of CFO in recent years. For instance, the effect of addition of different surfactants such as agarose, starch, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),, malic acid, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH), thiourea, ethylene glycol, citric acid, urea, glucose, and glycine has been investigated in order to optimize its physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the numerous studies have been done to modify morphology, size, and magnetic properties of CFO by doping the alloying elements such as V, Ni, Mn, Ti–Al, Ce, Zn, Gd, In, and rare earth elements .…”

“…Moreover, the numerous studies have been done to modify morphology, size, and magnetic properties of CFO by doping the alloying elements such as V, Ni, Mn, Ti–Al, Ce, Zn, Gd, In, and rare earth elements . On the other hand, the most common methods which are used for the synthesis of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are co‐precipitation, solvothermal, hydrothermal, micro‐emulsion, and sol‐gel methods . Among these methods, sol‐gel auto‐combustion is known as an efficient technique to produce high purity and homogeneity crystalline particles with relatively low reaction temperature, low reaction time, and simple manipulations .…”

“…On the other hand, the most common methods which are used for the synthesis of CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles are co‐precipitation, solvothermal, hydrothermal, micro‐emulsion, and sol‐gel methods . Among these methods, sol‐gel auto‐combustion is known as an efficient technique to produce high purity and homogeneity crystalline particles with relatively low reaction temperature, low reaction time, and simple manipulations . On the other hand, apple cider vinegar (ACV) is known as one of the inexpensive and nontoxic agents, which is used in medicine and biotechnology due to its antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities .…”