The Effect of Adult Chicken Organ Grafts on the Chick Embryo

Abstract

In the course of experiments on the factors of resistance to heteroplastic tissue grafts in the chick embryo, observations were made on the effects of certain organ grafts on the embryo itself.' The working out of the finer histological details of this process has been taken up, at my suggestion, by Dr. Vera Danchakoff. This brief note on the original observations is published now for completeness and record.Experiments.-On the 7th day of incubation openings were made in the shells of hens' eggs containing embryos, and small amounts of finely divided adult organs were deposited on the outer membrane (allantois and chorion). After this procedure the eggs were closed and sealed with paraffin and then returned to the incubator. On the 17th or 18th day of incubation the eggs were opened for examination. This constituted a control for the experiments on heteroplastic grafting, where, in the main experiment, grafts of heterologous tissues were introduced with an addition of grafts of homologous adult organs. 2 As there were a comparatively small number of eggs with the organ grafts alone in each experiment and as the technique throughout the series was the same, the results as a whole will be considered rather than the individual experiments. The adult chicken tissues used for the experiments were spleen, liver, kidney, bone marrow, pancreas, bone, and muscle. With the exception of pancreas, which caused wide-spread digestion of the embryonic tissues, all the tissues survived the grafting. As only spleen, liver, 'Murphy, Jas. B.,

Immunoglobulin knockout chickens via efficient homologous recombination in primordial germ cells

“…For example, B lymphocytes were first recognized in chickens as the antibody-producing cells and are named after the bursa of Fabricius, a gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that is required for B-cell development in chickens (1). Graft-versushost response was first described in chicken embryos (2), and the first attenuated vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur against fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida. Nevertheless, the lack of a robust genome editing technology including knockouts has put the chicken at a distinct disadvantage to mammalian species, especially the mouse, as a vertebrate animal model.…”

Liver reconstruction on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo

“…Moreover, there is no rejection of the transplantation because the immune system is not yet functional in 9-day-old chick embryos. Thus, Murphy (1916) used the chorioallantoic membrane as a host organ for tissue transplantation and investigated various chicken tissues grafted on this membrane. Katoh et al (2001) also transplanted liver pieces of the chick embryos onto the chorioallantoic membrane and showed that the liver was able to regenerate on this membrane.…”

Liver Regeneration on Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane

“…The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo has been widely used for cultivating various organs and tissues, because the mesodermal layer of the membrane is rich in blood vessels to supply implants with nutrients and oxygen [Murphy, 1916;Willier, 1924;Hoadley, 1925;Willier and Rawles, 1931a, b;Sandstrom, 1934;Nakada et al, 1998a, b]. Our previous studies clearly showed that breast muscle tissues from chicken embryos totally degenerated on CAM and then regenerated by proliferation and differentiation of surviving satellite cells, muscle stem cells which are ordinarily dormant but activated by injury [Nakada et al, 1998a, b].…”

“…With regard to the liver, the early hepatic rudiment differentiated into normal liver tissues when grafted on CAM [Hoadley, 1925;Willier and Rawles, 1931a, b;Sandstrom, 1934]. On the other hand, liver tissues from newly hatched or adult chickens could not grow and degenerated on CAM [Murphy, 1916;Willier, 1924]. However, no study has been devoted to investigating regeneration of liver tissues from chicken embryos older than 6 days and the process of reconstruction of liver tissues on CAM has not been well clarified.…”