The Effect of Added Fat on the Digestion of Cellulose and Protein by Ovine Rumen Microorganisms

Brooks, C. C.; Garner, G. B.; Gehrke, Charles W.; Muhrer, M. E.; Pfander, W. H.

doi:10.2527/jas1954.134758x

Cited by 88 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As the lipid in the supplement was not released in the rumen, the absence of any effect on the digestibility of acid-detergent fibre is consistent with the view that unprotected lipid supplements affect the digestibility of other nutrients through an effect on the type and activity of rumen microorganisms (Brooks et al 1954;Nieman 1954). The apparent digestibilities of the other components of the diet were higher when the supplement was present, and calculations of the digestibility of the supplement by difference show it to be highly digestible, a finding in agreement with the results of Hogan et al (1972).…”

Section: (E) Linoleic Acid (18:2) In Tissue Lipidssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…One of the consequences of this type of digestion is the marked sensitivity of ruminant animals to the inclusion of fat in the diet. Digestive disturbances and reductions in food intake, animal performance, and the digestibility of cellulose have been reported when the level of fat in the diet exceeded about 8 % (Brooks et al 1954;Ward et al 1957;Davison andWoods 1960, 1963;Armstrong and Ross 1968;Johnson 1972;Johnson and McClure 1972). In addition, polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet are substantially hydrogenated in the rumen and so do not appear in tissue and milk lipids (Reiser 1951;Tove and Mochrie 1963;Ward et al 1964;Garton 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Utilization by Growth Lambs of a Casein-Saffower Oil Supplement Treated With Formaldehyde

Faichney¹,

Scott²,

Cook³

1973

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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A formaldehyde-treated casein-safflower oil supplement was given at levels of 0, 75, and 150 gjday to lambs receiving 600 gjday of a diet of equal parts chopped lucerne hay and crushed oats. The response of the lambs was studied in terms of food intake and liveweight gain, the chemical composition of the body, the incorporation of linoleic acid into body fat, the digestibility of the diets, and the levels of urea, a-amino nitrogen, and glucose in blood plasma.The supplemented lambs appeared to discriminate against the supplement to a small extent. There was no detectable effect of the supplement on the gross chemical composition of the body but the linoleic acid in the supplement was extensively incorporated into body tissues; the progress of incorporation was described by a curve of diminishing increments. Approximately half the linoleic acid ingested was retained in the body. The supplement was readily digested and plasma levels of urea, a-amino nitrogen, and glucose were increased in the lambs given 150 gjday of the supplement.

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Section: (E) Linoleic Acid (18:2) In Tissue Lipidssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Utilization by Growth Lambs of a Casein-Saffower Oil Supplement Treated With Formaldehyde

Faichney¹,

Scott²,

Cook³

1973

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…diluted rumen liquor only, and followed through four successive fermentations (there are five such in the first paper and six in the second), a statistically significant increase in cellulose digestibility can be seen during the second fermentation period, and a significant fall in the third period, while in the fourth period there was a highly significant but unexplained difference between the results reported in the first paper (where there was a marked drop in digestibility), and those in the second paper (where there was little if any decrease). Using a somewhat similar system, though with only one fermentation period of about 40 hr., Brooks, Garner, Gehrke, Muhrer & Pfander (1954) claimed that the numbers of bacteria before and after incubation were approximately equal, and that the effects of added fat on cellulose digestion in vivo and in vitro were very similar. However, examination of the figures shows that a dose of 32 g. corn oil/sheep decreased cellulose digestibility from 41.9 to 20.0 yo, while a dose of 160 mg. corn oil/% ml.…”

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confidence: 99%

Criteria for Establishing the Validity of in vitro Studies with Rumen Micro-organisms in so-called Artificial Rumen Systems

Warner¹

1956

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Several criteria of normal rumen function which can be applied to in witro studies with the whole rumen microbial population are suggested. These include: the maintenance of numbers and normal appearance of the bacteria, selenomonads and protozoa of the rumen ; the maintenance of normal rates of digestion of cellulose, starch and protein, and of normal interactions between these ; the ability to predict quantitative results in vivo. An 'artificial rumen' was constructed, consisting of a cellophan sac containing rumen liquor and substrate dialysing against a complex mineral solution whose composition was based on that found in rumen liquor, the whole being incubated at 39' in an atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. This system was shown to meet the criteria which are suggested, with reasonable success for periods of about 8 hr.; over longer periods an increasing failure to meet the biological criteria was seen. For the microbial population to remain normal in numbers and activity it was shown to be necessary to use as test substrate in vitro only substances similar to the diet fed to the animal from which the rumen liquor inoculum was taken.Of recent years there has been an increasing interest in the biochemistry and microbiology of the rumen. Because of the complexity of the rumen environment, many in vitro techniques have been applied including the use of: pure cultures of bacteria isolated from the rumen; washed suspensions of the whole or part of the rumen microbial population ; cell-free enzyme preparations ; whole rumen liquor under conditions which permit or encourage microbial multiplication. Under these last conditions, sometimes known as the ' artificial rumen ' technique, it is essential to ensure that the microbial multiplication which takes place should proceed in a fashion similar to that found in the rumen of the living animal. There is normally present in the rumen a very large number of microbial species of widely differing physiological needs and capabilities, some found apparently only in the rumen and some found widespread in foodstuffs, soil, etc.; some of these microbial species may be expected to be able to multiply in almost any environment, and to metabolize almost any substrate that is likely to be tested. When, however, the environment or substrate is not that found in the rumen of the animal from which the rumen liquor inoculum was taken, then, in time, the results of this multiplication and metabolism may bear little or no relation to events in the rumen in vivo, since the organisms which multiply may be simply those most suited to the experimental conditions, and may well be only chance contaminants originally present in the rumen

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“…Com isto, há impedimento da adesão e multiplicação da população de bactérias celulolíticas, responsáveis pela fermentação da fibra, reduzindo a passagem do alimento pelo sistema digestivo e, conseqüentemente, o consumo. BROOKS et al (1954) demonstraram reduções em 40% da digestibilidade da celulose, quando de 10 a 170 mg de óleo de milho foram adicionados a 1 g de matéria seca contendo 50% de celulose, em experimentos in vitro. Portanto, segundo MACZULAK et al (1981), esta redução no consumo é comumente atribuída a uma combinação do decréscimo da atividade celulolítica, da barreira física da fibra e da taxa de passagem dos alimentos no rúmen.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Influência de Rumensin®, óleo de soja e níveis de concentrado sobre o consumo e os parâmetros fermentativos ruminais em bovinos

et al. 2001

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RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de óleo de soja (500 mL/animal/dia), Rumensin ® (3 g/animal/dia) e níveis de concentrado (0, 25, 50, 75%) na dieta de bovinos, e cana-de-açúcar como volumoso, sobre alguns parâmetros ruminais e consumo de matéria seca. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos 7/8 holandês-zebu fistulados no rúmen, com peso vivo médio de 400 kg. O experimento consistiu de quatro períodos de 15 dias, sendo 12 dias para adaptação à dieta e três dias para coletas de amostras. Utilizou-se um nível de concentrado em cada período e o óleo e rumensin foram distribuídos em quadrado latino, em um fatorial 2x2. As análises de amônia, pH e AGV do líquido ruminal foram feitas em amostras coletadas através da fístula às 0, 3 e 6 horas após a alimentação. A leitura do pH foi feita com potenciômetro, as análises de amônia por colorimetria e as de ácidos graxos voláteis por cromatografia gasosa. O acetato, a relação acetato:propionato e o pH decresceram, e os teores de isobutirato, isovalerato e amônia ruminal aumentaram com a elevação do nível de concentrado. O propionato aumentou e a relação acetato:propionato diminuiu com a presença de Rumensin. O butirato aumentou com o óleo quando a dieta continha somente volumoso e diminuiu com o aumento de concentrado. O pH e a amônia ruminais diminuíram com o tempo de coleta. A atividade in vitro de desaminação pela população microbiana decresceu com o aumento do nível de concentrado e aumentou na presença de óleo. O consumo de matéria seca aumentou com a elevação do nível de concentrado e diminuiu na presença de Rumensin e óleo. Todos os outros efeitos principais e interações não foram significativos.Palavras-chave: bovinos, concentrado, fermentação, ionóforos, lipídios, rúmen Effect of Rumensin ® , Soybean Oil and Concentrate Levels on Ruminal Parameters and Dry Matter Intake in BovinesABSTRACT -The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of soybean oil (500 mL/animal/day), Rumensin ® (3g/animal/ day) and levels of concentrate (0, 25, 50 and 75%) in the diet of bovines, and sugarcane as a forage source, in some ruminal parameters and dry matter intake. There were used four rumen fistulated 7/8 holstein-zebu steers, at 400 kg of live weight. The experiment consisted of four periods of 15 days, in which 12 were for adaptation to the diets and three for sampling. It was used one level of concentrate in each period and oil and Rumensin were distributed in a latin square, as 2x2 factorial design. Ammonia, pH and VFA analysis in the rumen fluid were measured in samples collected at 0, 3 and 6 hours after feeding. The pH was immediately measured by glass electrode, ammonia was analysed by colorimetry and VFA by gas chromatography. Acetate, acetate to propionate ratio and pH were decreased, but isobutyrate, isovalerate, and ruminal ammonia were increased in high concentrate levels. Propionate was increased and acetate to propionate ratio was decreased with Rumensin. Butyrate was increased with oil in the forage diet, but decreased with increasing concentrate. Rumin...

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The Effect of Added Fat on the Digestion of Cellulose and Protein by Ovine Rumen Microorganisms

Cited by 88 publications

References 5 publications

The Utilization by Growth Lambs of a Casein-Saffower Oil Supplement Treated With Formaldehyde

The Utilization by Growth Lambs of a Casein-Saffower Oil Supplement Treated With Formaldehyde

Criteria for Establishing the Validity of in vitro Studies with Rumen Micro-organisms in so-called Artificial Rumen Systems

Influência de Rumensin®, óleo de soja e níveis de concentrado sobre o consumo e os parâmetros fermentativos ruminais em bovinos

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