The effect of a mid-morning snack on children's cognitive performance

Ingwersen, Jeanet; Defeyter, Margaret Anne; Kennedy, D. O.; Scholey, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.037

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Participants mean age ranged from 5.58 years (Taib et al, 2012) to 15.65 years (Smith and Foster, 2008), and sample sizes ranged from 19 (Benton et al, 2007b) to 84 participants (Anderson et al, 2020). One study was unpublished (Ingwersen, 2011). Two studies used a parallel design, two used a mixed-subjects design, and 12 used a crossover design.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 13 studies assessed working memory. Nine studies reported that breakfast GL did not influence task performance during the early postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Cooper et al, 2012Cooper et al, , 2015Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2019;Wesnes et al, 2003), mid postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Brindal et al, 2012Brindal et al, , 2013Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2019;Taib et al, 2012;Wesnes et al, 2003), and/or late postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Brindal et al, 2012Brindal et al, , 2013Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2019;Taib et al, 2012;Wesnes et al, 2003).…”

Section: Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies measured speed of attention, of which nine reported no specific effect of breakfast GL during the early postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Cooper et al, 2012Cooper et al, , 2015Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007), mid-postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Brindal et al, 2012Brindal et al, , 2013Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007;Mahoney et al, 2005;Taib et al, 2012), and/or late postprandial period (Anderson et al, 2020;Brindal et al, 2012Brindal et al, , 2013Cooper et al, 2012Cooper et al, , 2015Ingwersen, 2011;Ingwersen et al, 2007;Taib et al, 2012). One study reported that a LGL breakfast benefitted task speed, but only during the late postprandial period.…”

Section: Speed Of Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Glycaemic Load on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis and Guiding Principles for Future Research

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Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speed Of Attentionmentioning

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“…These studies show school breakfast provides the possibility of improving cognitive functions, academic achievements, and school attendance. Another study, which was done by Ingwersen et al, 15 concentrates on giving students a midmorning snack but shows that it has no effect on their cognitive functions. With reviewing of the relevant publications, we found that most school feeding programs target either the students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds or the students with nutritional deficiencies.…”

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confidence: 98%

Midmorning Snack Programs Have a Beneficial Effect on Cognitive Performance of Students From High Socioeconomic Background

et al. 2016

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This study intends to determine the effect of school midmorning snacks on cognitive functions among young male students coming from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, who presumably have breakfast before coming to school. We hypothesized that school midmorning snacks can provide better cognitive functions among students coming from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. A comparative observational study was designed. Main data were collected by observation or interview. Two groups of 12-to 13-year-old male students were randomly selected (25 students who have been receiving a midmorning snack for 6 months and 32 students who have not) from schools with similar neighborhoods and socioeconomic backgrounds. Main outcome measures were the effects of school midmorning snack programs on students' cognitive functions including learning, short-term visual and auditory memory, and also selective attention and recall tests for high-socioeconomic-status students. Midmorning snack program was an independent variable. The objectives of the present study were analyzed using t test and Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative variables and W 2 or Fisher exact tests for qualitative variables. Differences were tested at the .05 level. The students with midmorning snack received more calories and nutrients from breakfast plus midmorning snack (P G .005), and their test scores of learning (P G .001), recall (P = .006), and selective attention (P = .042) were significantly higher. They performed better in auditory and visual memory tests (P G .001, P = .028). We conclude that the schools' midmorning snack programs have a beneficial effect on cognitive performance and overall quality of intake even of students coming from higher socioeconomic background. It explores the value of midmorning snack in the school setting. Nutr Today. 2014;00(0):00Y00 B reakfast is the most essential meal of the day for all ages, regardless of sex. 1Y7 With all benefits of breakfast intake, it seems that regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds, students skip eating on a regular basis at the time classes begin each morning. Another research indicates that energy intake from breakfast is not enough for maintaining both physical and mental activities, especially in active children. 8 Also, regular consumption of an appropriate midmorning snack would Feature Article

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The effect of a mid-morning snack on children's cognitive performance

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

The Impact of Glycaemic Load on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis and Guiding Principles for Future Research

The Impact of Glycaemic Load on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-analysis and Guiding Principles for Future Research

Midmorning Snack Programs Have a Beneficial Effect on Cognitive Performance of Students From High Socioeconomic Background

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