The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on bone turnover

Carter, J. D.; Vasey, Frank B.; Valeriano, Joanne

doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0134-x

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The upper limit of the AMDR was set to mitigate against osteoporosis, kidney stones, and renal failure that might accompany chronically high protein intakes (45). Two small 12-wk intervention trials of high-protein diets in healthy adults showed either an adverse effect (46) or no effect (47) on markers of bone turnover or risk of nephrolithiasis, and other trials suggested beneficial effects of a high protein intake on bone health (48, 49). Observational studies in the general population did not find a relation between a high animal protein content in the diet and the development of renal stones (50, 51) and suggest that high-protein diets may only be detrimental in those with existing renal insufficiency (52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations

Souza

Swain

Appel

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background Enhancements to current dietary advice to prevent chronic disease are of great clinical and public health importance. The OmniHeart Trial compared 3 diets designed to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk—one high in carbohydrate and 2 that replaced carbohydrate with either unsaturated fat or protein. The lower carbohydrate diets improved the CVD risk factors. Several popular diets claiming health benefits emphasize carbohydrate, fat, or protein or various combined approaches. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the macronutrient contents of the OmniHeart trial diets to those of several popular diets and to evaluate each diet for consistency with national health guidelines. Design The macronutrient contents of 7-d menu plans from the OmniHeart Study, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Zone, Atkins, Mediterranean, South Beach, and Ornish diets were evaluated for consistency with the US Food and Nutrition Board's Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) and with the dietary recommendations of several health organizations. Results The OmniHeart diets fulfilled the major AMDRs, but, of the popular diets, only the Zone diet did. The OmniHeart diets were generally consistent with national guidelines to prevent cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, whereas most popular diets had limitations for fulfilling one or more guidelines. Conclusions Although the OmniHeart protein and unsaturated fat diets were superior to the carbohydrate diet in improving CVD risk, all 3 study diets were consistent with national guidelines to reduce chronic disease risk, which suggests that the guidelines might now be fine-tuned to optimize disease prevention. Popular diets vary in their nutritional adequacy and consistency with guidelines for risk reduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations

Souza

Swain

Appel

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Whilst there are many studies on the effects of dietary protein levels on bone metabolism in humans the few investigations on ketogenic diet and bone metabolism were performed on epileptic children. But even if we assume a higher protein intake during a KD (and it is not completely correct as stated above) recently published articles suggested that there is not a negative effect on bone health [92,93,94,95]. …”

Section: It Is Safe For Obese Subjects?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe?

Paoli

2014

IJERPH

268

239

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Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and is a strong risk factor for a number of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and also certain types of cancers. Despite the constant recommendations of health care organizations regarding the importance of weight control, this goal often fails. Genetic predisposition in combination with inactive lifestyles and high caloric intake leads to excessive weight gain. Even though there may be agreement about the concept that lifestyle changes affecting dietary habits and physical activity are essential to promote weight loss and weight control, the ideal amount and type of exercise and also the ideal diet are still under debate. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have been focused on reducing dietary fat with little positive results over the long-term. One of the most studied strategies in the recent years for weight loss is the ketogenic diet. Many studies have shown that this kind of nutritional approach has a solid physiological and biochemical basis and is able to induce effective weight loss along with improvement in several cardiovascular risk parameters. This review discusses the physiological basis of ketogenic diets and the rationale for their use in obesity, discussing the strengths and the weaknesses of these diets together with cautions that should be used in obese patients.

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“…Acting as a buffer system, bone aids in the modulation of acid-base homeostasis (8) through the release of calcium (9). In theory, elevated protein consumption is acidogenic (6), resulting in increased bone resorption (10). An observational study in women suggests that HP diets are associated with higher bone resorption (11), while 2 others suggest that HP diets of animal sources resulted in higher risk of fracture of the forearm (12) or hip fracture (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A High Mixed Protein Diet Reduces Body Fat without Altering the Mechanical Properties of Bone in Female Rats

Pye

Wakefield

Aukema

et al. 2009

The Journal of Nutrition

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Long-term consumption of high-protein (HP) diets at 35% of energy is postulated to negatively influence bone health. Previous studies have not comprehensively examined the biochemical, physical, and biomechanical properties of bone required to arrive at this conclusion. Our objective in this study was to examine the long-term effect of a HP diet on bone metabolism, mass, and strength in rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) were randomized to receive for 4, 8, 12, or 17 mo a normal-protein (NP) control diet (15% of energy) or a HP diet (35% of energy). Diets were balanced for calcium because the protein sources were rich in calcium. At each time point, measurements included weight, body composition, and bone mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, mechanical strength at the mid-diaphysis of femur and tibia, microarchitecture of femurs using microcomputerized tomography and serum osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal crosslinks of type I collagen (CTX), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leptin, and adiponectin. Effects of diet, time, and their interaction were tested using factorial ANOVA. The HP diet resulted in lower body weight, total body, and abdominal fat and higher lean mass. Serum leptin and adiponectin were greater in HP-fed than in NP-fed rats, but IGF-1 did not differ between the groups. Whereas the HP diet resulted in higher relative bone mineral content (g/kg) in the femur, tibia, and vertebrae, serum osteocalcin and CTX and bone internal architecture and biomechanical strength were unaffected. In conclusion, HP diets at 35% of energy lower body fat content without hindering the mechanical and weight-bearing properties of bone.

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The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on bone turnover

Abstract: Although the patients on the low-carbohydrate diet did lose significantly more weight than the controls did, the diet did not increase bone turnover markers compared with controls at any time point. Further, there was no significant change in the bone turnover ratio compared with controls.

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations

Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations

Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe?

A High Mixed Protein Diet Reduces Body Fat without Altering the Mechanical Properties of Bone in Female Rats

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