The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

Bielaczyc, Piotr; Szczotka, Andrzej; Woodburn, Joseph

doi:10.1177/0954407011406613

Cited by 64 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is related to the fact that engine speed and fuel consumption change from zero to non-zero values in a very short space of time, even before any power is transferred to the wheels [4,6]. Both hot and cold start events can be classifi ed as transient operation of an internal combustion engine [4,6,9]. Cold start can be defi ned as when an engine is started with the temperatures of the oil, coolant and all elements of the engine (T) at the ambient temperature (T a ) [3,4,6].…”

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both hot and cold start events can be classifi ed as transient operation of an internal combustion engine [4,6,9]. Cold start can be defi ned as when an engine is started with the temperatures of the oil, coolant and all elements of the engine (T) at the ambient temperature (T a ) [3,4,6]. During hot start, the temperature of all these elements will be very close to those observed during fully warmed-up operation (T w ).…”

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The term 'cool start' can be used to refer to intermediate temperatures (i.e. T a <T<T w ) [4,6]. Cool and cold starts represent a signifi cant challenge in terms of forming combustible air-fuel mixtures while keeping emissions and fuel consumption at reasonable levels.…”

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colder conditions a few degrees above zero cause greater emissions and fuel consumption and this trend continues as ambient temperatures fall below zero degrees centigrade. While the mathematical form of the response is variable [6], low ambient temperature cold starts lead to higher emissions of HC, CO and CO 2 . Fuel consumption is greater and emission of NO x can also be increased.…”

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Cold Start Emissions of Spark-Ignition Engines at Low Ambient Temperatures as an Air Quality Risk

Bielaczyc¹,

Szczotka²,

Woodburn³

2014

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Keywords: Cold start, low ambient temperature, direct and indirect injection spark ignition engine, exhaust emissions.Abstract: SI engines are highly susceptible to excess emissions when started at low ambient temperatures. This phenomenon has multiple air quality and climate forcing implications. Direct injection petrol engines feature a markedly different fuelling strategy, and so their emissions behaviour is somewhat different from indirect injection petrol engines. The excess emissions of direct injection engines at low ambient temperatures should also differ. Additionally, the direct injection fuel delivery process leads to the formation of PM, and DISI engines should show greater PM emissions at low ambient temperatures. This study reports on laboratory experiments quantifying excess emissions of gaseous and solid pollutants over a legislative driving cycle following cold start at a low ambient temperature for both engine types. Over the legislative cycle for testing at -7°C (the UDC), emissions of HC, CO, NO x and CO 2 were higher when tested at -7°C than at 24°C. Massive increases in emissions of HC and CO were observed, together with more modest increases in NO x and CO 2 emissions. Results from the entire driving cycle showed excess emissions in both phases (though they were much larger for the UDC). The DISI vehicle showed lower increases in fuel consumption than the port injected vehicles, but greater increases in emission of HC and CO. DISI particle number emissions increased by around 50%; DISI particle mass by over 600%. The observed emissions deteriorations varied somewhat by engine type and from vehicle to vehicle. Excesses were greatest following start-up, but persisted, even after several hundred seconds' driving. The temperature of the intake air appeared to have a limited but signifi cant effect on emissions after the engine has been running for some time. All vehicles tested here comfortably met the relevant EU limits, providing further evidence that these limits are no longer challenging and need updating.

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Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cold Start Events and The Resulting Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cold Start Emissions of Spark-Ignition Engines at Low Ambient Temperatures as an Air Quality Risk

Bielaczyc¹,

Szczotka²,

Woodburn³

2014

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Critical review on recent progress of ethanol fuelled flex‐fuel engine characteristics

Azhaganathan

Ashok

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Ethanol‐powered spark ignition (SI) engines have the potential to mitigate the twin crisis of fossil fuel depletion and exhaust emissions. However, the successful promotion of ethanol is hindered due to the restriction of fuel blend diversity and design features in the conventional SI engine. The fuel flexibility can be overcome by the use of flex‐fuel engine (FFE) technology with appropriate changes in engine design features for a wide range of ethanol blends. The understanding of FFE based on various technical aspects has greater potential in the automotive sector. Therefore, this review paper provides a holistic approach to critically analyze the various technical aspects of FFE. In this work, the application of ethanol blends on FFE output characteristics is reviewed critically considering the effects of engine operating conditions and parameters. Further, the impact of ethanol blends on material compatibility, cold starting characteristics, and unregulated emissions are analyzed. The outcome of the study shows that combustion and performance characteristics such as cylinder pressure(CP), heat release rate (HRR), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) are improved in FFE operation due to the clean‐burning characteristics of ethanol blends. Also, carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased without any significant improvement in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions with a wide range of ethanol shares in FFE. Finally, this study summarizes the present status of research in FFE and creates a route towards the direction of multidisciplinary research need in the future that supports the application of different types of biofuels in FFE.

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Conclusions

Merkisz¹,

Pielecha²

2015

Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines

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The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

Cited by 64 publications

References 14 publications

Cold Start Emissions of Spark-Ignition Engines at Low Ambient Temperatures as an Air Quality Risk

Cold Start Emissions of Spark-Ignition Engines at Low Ambient Temperatures as an Air Quality Risk

Critical review on recent progress of ethanol fuelled flex‐fuel engine characteristics

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