The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation

Heckman, James J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0701362104

Cited by 924 publications

(538 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Building on the life course and human capital formation literature (Elder 1985(Elder , 1998Heckman 2007;Mortimer and Shanahan 2003), this study reconceptualizes exposure to childhood poverty: (1) each temporal dimension of exposure to poverty is confounded with the others; (2) age-varying exposure to poverty has dynamic relationships with other age-varying factors affecting child attainment; and (3) the effect of poverty trajectories is heterogeneous across racial/ethnic groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Trajectories of Poverty During Childhood and High School Graduation

Lee¹

2014

SocScience

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This article examines distinct trajectories of childhood exposure to poverty and provides estimates of their effect on high school graduation. The analysis incorporates three key insights from the life course and human capital formation literatures: (1) the temporal dimensions of exposure to poverty, that is, timing, duration, stability, and sequencing, are confounded with one another; (2) age-varying exposure to poverty not only affects, but also is affected by, other factors that vary with age; and (3) the effect of poverty trajectories is heterogeneous across racial and ethnic groups. Results from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that any extended exposures to poverty substantially lower children's odds of graduating from high school. Persistent, early, and middle-to-late childhood exposures to poverty reduce the odds of high school graduation by 77 percent, 55 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, compared to no childhood exposure to poverty. The findings thus suggest that the impact of poverty trajectories is insensitive to observed age-varying confounders. These impacts are more pronounced for white children than for black and Hispanic children.

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confidence: 99%

Age Trajectories of Poverty During Childhood and High School Graduation

Lee¹

2014

SocScience

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“…Reflecting national trends, the NSDUH [12] reports that cigarette use among women has been steadily decreasing from a rate of 30 [18,19].…”

Section: Current Prevalence Estimates Of Prenatal Drug Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among pregnant women, the rate of any illicit drug use is 5.4% and has not changed significantly since 2010-2011 [12]. Use remains higher in younger women (14.6%, ages 18-25) compared to older women (3.2%, ages [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. A high proportion of women are using marijuana illegally and fail to disclose their use to their providers.…”

Section: Current Prevalence Estimates Of Prenatal Drug Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Current Neuroimaging Studies of the Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure: Brain Structure and Function

Willford¹,

Smith²,

Kuhn³

et al. 2016

Recent Advances in Drug Addiction Research and Clinical Applications

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Neuroimaging tools have provided novel methods for understanding the impact of prenatal drug exposure on brain structure and function and its relation to development and behavior. Information gained from neuroimaging studies allows for the investigation of how prenatal drug exposure alters the typical developmental trajectory. The current prevalence and characteristics of prenatal drug exposure and its implications for vulnerable periods of brain development are reviewed. Structural and functional neuroimaging methods are introduced with examples of how study results from prenatal alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and tobacco exposure further our understanding of the neurodevelopment impact of prenatal drug exposure. Prenatal drug neuroimaging studies have advanced our understanding of mechanisms and functional deficits associated with prenatal drug exposure. Studies have identified brain circuits associated with the default mode network, inhibitory control, and working memory that show differences in function as a result of prenatal drug exposure. The information gained from studies of prenatal drug exposure on brain structure and function can be used to make connections between animal models and human studies of prenatal drug exposure, identify biomarkers of documented effects of prenatal drug exposure on behavior, and inform prevention and intervention programs for young children.

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“…Education, as Smith shows, affects health. James Heckman (15) stresses that noncognitive abilities such as persistence, motivation, self-control, risk aversion, and willingness to delay gratification determine later educational outcomes because they make investments in education easier. These noncognitive abilities are formed very early in life and are very hard to change after adolescence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The economics and demography of aging

Costa

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation

Cited by 924 publications

References 46 publications

Age Trajectories of Poverty During Childhood and High School Graduation

Age Trajectories of Poverty During Childhood and High School Graduation

Review of Current Neuroimaging Studies of the Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure: Brain Structure and Function

The economics and demography of aging

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