Abstract:The federal minimum wage was increased most recently 12 years ago, when it was set at $7.25. Since then, price inflation has translated into a substantial decline in the real value of that $7.25 minimum wage. As the value of the federal minimum wage has declined, many states and cities have stepped in to set their own local minimum wages at levels above $7.25. According to the Economic Policy Institute, 30 states and the District of Columbia now have a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum wage, and 45 … Show more
“…In addition to having a control group, information on initial equivalence is crucial to be able to identify a causal effect (Reich, 2019). Evidence should be provided to show that participants in international internships and control group members had similar characteristics and traits prior to the mobility experience.…”
An increasing number of students complete an internship during their higher education studies in a country different from that of their home institution. A main advantage of this type of mobility is that it responds to employers' need for graduates with both hands‐on experience and global skills. In this paper, we attempt to review existing research on the types of skills higher education students gain through their participation in international internships. While there are several systematic reviews on study abroad programmes, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first focusing on internship programmes abroad. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) approaches were used to explore four electronic databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Resources Information Center). From these, 31 relevant studies were identified, and data were examined using a combination of thematic and content analysis. Intrapersonal skills (e.g., open mindedness, self‐confidence) are found to be the most frequently cited skills learned by participants. Many of the reviewed studies also report learning gains in terms of practical knowledge and language proficiency. On the other hand, there is less evidence suggesting that international internships enhance cognitive skills and leadership skills. The large majority of the reviewed studies, however, have methodological problems. A future research agenda is outlined, along with suggestions for improving the research methodology.
“…In addition to having a control group, information on initial equivalence is crucial to be able to identify a causal effect (Reich, 2019). Evidence should be provided to show that participants in international internships and control group members had similar characteristics and traits prior to the mobility experience.…”
An increasing number of students complete an internship during their higher education studies in a country different from that of their home institution. A main advantage of this type of mobility is that it responds to employers' need for graduates with both hands‐on experience and global skills. In this paper, we attempt to review existing research on the types of skills higher education students gain through their participation in international internships. While there are several systematic reviews on study abroad programmes, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first focusing on internship programmes abroad. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) approaches were used to explore four electronic databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Resources Information Center). From these, 31 relevant studies were identified, and data were examined using a combination of thematic and content analysis. Intrapersonal skills (e.g., open mindedness, self‐confidence) are found to be the most frequently cited skills learned by participants. Many of the reviewed studies also report learning gains in terms of practical knowledge and language proficiency. On the other hand, there is less evidence suggesting that international internships enhance cognitive skills and leadership skills. The large majority of the reviewed studies, however, have methodological problems. A future research agenda is outlined, along with suggestions for improving the research methodology.
“…In contrast, some researchers, in advocating for sharply higher minimum wages, argue that the evidence establishes that the minimum wage does not reduce employment. For example, Michael Reich, in 2019 testimony before the U.S. House Education and Labor Committee (Reich, 2019, p. 4), asserted:Economists have conducted literally hundreds of studies based on over 160 minimum wage changes in the past thirty‐five years. The best of these studies do provide a credible guide to the likely employment effects of a $15 floor.…”
Section: How the Research Literature Gets Summarizedmentioning
The disagreement among studies of the employment effects of minimum wages in the United States is well known. Less well known, and more puzzling, is the absence of agreement on what the research literature says -that is, how economists summarize the body of evidence on the employment effects of minimum wages. Summaries range from "it is now well-established that higher minimum wages do not reduce employment," to "the evidence is very mixed with effects centered on zero so there is no basis for a strong conclusion one way or the other," to "most evidence points to adverse employment effects."We explore the question of what conclusions can be drawn from the literature, focusing on the evidence using subnational minimum wage variation within the United States that has dominated the research landscape since the early 1990s. To accomplish this, we assembled the entire set of published studies in this literature and identified the core estimates that support the conclusions from each study, in most cases relying on responses from the researchers who wrote these papers.Our key conclusions are:(i) there is a clear preponderance of negative estimates in the literature; (ii) this evidence is stronger for teens and young adults as well as the less-educated; (iii) the evidence from studies of directly-affected workers points even more strongly to negative employment effects; and (iv) the evidence from studies of low-wage industries is less one-sided.
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