The economic reaction to non-pharmaceutical interventions during Covid-19

Segarra‐Blasco, Agustí; Teruel, Mercedes; Cattaruzzo, Sebastiano

doi:10.1016/j.eap.2021.10.006

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Public health and response measures or non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been utilized to varying degrees to contain and/or mitigate the pandemic, including face masks and hand hygiene, social distancing, border closures, lockdowns and stay-at-home mandates, closure of non-essential businesses and educational institutions, ban on mass gatherings, quarantine and patient isolation, mass screenings, and contact tracing [ 1 ]. The combined effect of the pandemic and the NPIs has resulted in economic impacts and hardship, making countries balance between implementing the NPIs and protecting the economy and livelihood of their populations [ 2 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Coronavirus pandemic in the Nordic countries: Health policy and economy trade-off

et al. 2022

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Background Countries making up the Nordic region – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden – have minimal socioeconomic, cultural, and geographical differences between them, allowing for a fair comparative analysis of the health policy and economy trade-off in their national approaches towards mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study utilized publicly available COVID-19 data of the Nordic countries from January 2020 to January 3, 2021. COVID-19 epidemiology, public health and health policy, health system capacity, and macroeconomic data were analysed for each Nordic country. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to identify changes in temporal trends using average monthly percent change (AMPC) and average weekly percent change (AWPC). Results Sweden’s health policy, being by far the most relaxed response to COVID-19, was found to have the largest COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and the highest AWPC increases for both indicators (13.5, 95% CI = 5.6, 22.0, P < 0.001; 6.3, 95% CI = 3.5, 9.1, P < 0.001). Denmark had the highest number of COVID-19 tests per capita, consistent with their approach of increased testing as a preventive strategy for disease transmission. Iceland had the second-highest number of tests per capita due to their mass-testing, contact tracing, quarantine and isolation response. Only Norway had a significant increase in unemployment (AMPC = 2.8%, 95% CI = 0.7-4.9, P < 0.009) while the percentage change in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was insignificant for all countries. Conclusions There was no trade-off between public health policy and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Nordic region. Sweden’s relaxed and delayed COVID-19 health policy response did not benefit the economy in the short term, while leading to disproportionate COVID-19 hospitalizations and mortality.

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confidence: 99%

Coronavirus pandemic in the Nordic countries: Health policy and economy trade-off

et al. 2022

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“…As reported in a recent study, nearly 70% of countries across the globe had compulsory stayat-home orders at any point in time between the recognition of widespread COVID-19 and the end of April 2020 [32]. Despite their efficacy in controlling the spread of COVID-19, these measures have resulted in an unprecedented economic decline [33], with a higher unemployment rate in many countries [34,35]. As for endemic infectious diseases, there is a trade-off between economic development and the prevention of diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 reduced the incidence of infectious diseases: a controlled interrupted time-series study

Zhang

Wen

et al. 2023

Infect Dis Poverty

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Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been implemented worldwide to suppress the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, few studies have evaluated the effect of NPIs on other infectious diseases and none has assessed the avoided disease burden associated with NPIs. We aimed to assess the effect of NPIs on the incidence of infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and evaluate the health economic benefits related to the reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases. Methods Data on 10 notifiable infectious diseases across China during 2010–2020 were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. A two-stage controlled interrupted time-series design with a quasi-Poisson regression model was used to examine the impact of NPIs on the incidence of infectious diseases. The analysis was first performed at the provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) level in China, then the PLAD-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis. Results A total of 61,393,737 cases of 10 infectious diseases were identified. The implementation of NPIs was associated with 5.13 million (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.45‒7.42) avoided cases and USD 1.77 billion (95% CI 1.18‒2.57) avoided hospital expenditures in 2020. There were 4.52 million (95% CI 3.00‒6.63) avoided cases for children and adolescents, corresponding to 88.2% of total avoided cases. The top leading cause of avoided burden attributable to NPIs was influenza [avoided percentage (AP): 89.3%; 95% CI 84.5‒92.6]. Socioeconomic status and population density were effect modifiers. Conclusions NPIs for COVID-19 could effectively control the prevalence of infectious diseases, with patterns of risk varying by socioeconomic status. These findings have important implications for informing targeted strategies to prevent infectious diseases.

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“…Some people most affected by COVID-19 are protesting [7] . Non-drug measures, if implemented for a long time, will lead to economic downturn, human rights violations, and lower people's mental health [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] . Anti-lockdown protests have erupted in several cities of the world in the past [12] , [13] , [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual preferences, government policy, and COVID-19: A game-theoretic epidemiological analysis

Zhou

Rahman

Khanam

et al. 2023

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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The economic reaction to non-pharmaceutical interventions during Covid-19

Cited by 9 publications

References 51 publications

Coronavirus pandemic in the Nordic countries: Health policy and economy trade-off

Coronavirus pandemic in the Nordic countries: Health policy and economy trade-off

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 reduced the incidence of infectious diseases: a controlled interrupted time-series study

Individual preferences, government policy, and COVID-19: A game-theoretic epidemiological analysis

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