The Economic Impact of Pig-Associated Parasitic Zoonosis in Northern Lao PDR

Choudhury, Adnan; Conlan, James V.; Racloz, V.; Reid, Simon; Blacksell, Stuart D.; Fenwick, Stanley G.; Thompson, Andrew R.; Khamlome, Boualam; Vongxay, Khamphouth; Whittaker, Maxine

doi:10.1007/s10393-013-0821-y

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The eggs of A. suum have been demonstrated to infect human as a zoonosis [17,18], and this species together with other helminths cause significant economic losses in pigs [3]. The prevalence of these helminth infections during the monitoring period are presented in Table-1 and Figure-1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system

Agustina¹,

Swacita²,

Oka³

et al. 2017

Vet World

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Aim:This study was designed to validate the effectiveness of the pig confinement system (PCS) in reducing the prevalence of zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs.Materials and Methods:Ten PCS households were selected together with 10 households practising traditional scavenging systems. Five pigs were monitored per household every 3 months for 15 months and blood and feces collected. Pigs received a single dose of oxfendazole at 30 mg/kg at baseline. Qualitative fecal examinations for intestinal parasite stages were performed, and serum was tested for antibodies to cysticercus of Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii.Results:Based on fecal examination, the prevalence of pigs positive for parasite eggs was reduced in PCS pigs over consecutive samplings (Ascaris suum [14.3% to 0%], Trichuris suis [46.9% to 8.3%], Strongyle-type eggs [81.6% to 8.3%], Physocephalus spp. [6.1% to 0%], and Metastrongylus apri [20.8% to 0%]) compared with increases in the number of pigs positive for parasite eggs in non-PCS pigs (T. suis [20-61.5%], Strongyle-type [60.4-80.8%], Physocephalus spp. [8.3-15.4%], and M. apri [20.8-34.6%]) and little change in pigs positive for A. suum (18.8-19.2%). While the prevalence of pigs with antibodies against to cysticerci of T. solium reduced in PCS pigs from 18% to 14%, the prevalence in non-PCS pigs increased from 42% to 52%. Antibodies to Trichinella were not detected, but the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies increased from 6% to 10% in PCS pigs and from 7% to 24% in non-PCS pigs.Conclusion:These data demonstrate the potential of a PCS to reduce the prevalence of pigs infected with zoonotic and internal parasites and thus the risk to human and pig health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic losses caused by internal parasites can be significant, but farmers may not realize it because symptoms tend to be subclinical and pigs may still look healthy [3,8]. Parasites can decrease endurance by absorbing essential nutrients and interfering with vital organs, making pigs more susceptible to various diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system

Agustina¹,

Swacita²,

Oka³

et al. 2017

Vet World

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“…Use of these diagnostic tools to inform taeniasis control programs will not only reduce the risk of T . solium NCC in humans, but will also assist in breaking the transmission cycle to backyard and free-roaming pigs, reducing economic losses to the small-holder farmers due to carcass condemnation [50–53]. Using the Bayesian approach described in this study, the T3qPCR had an estimated sensitivity of 0.94 (95% CrI [0.88–0.98]) compared to 0.83 (95% CrI [0.57–0.98]) for a similar Taq-Man probe based multiplex qPCR described by Praet et al (2013) [22] for the specific detection and differentiation of T .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools

et al. 2017

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BackgroundTaenia solium, the cause of neurocysticercosis (NCC), has significant socioeconomic impacts on communities in developing countries. This disease, along with taeniasis is estimated to infect 2.5 to 5 million people globally. Control of T. solium NCC necessitates accurate diagnosis and treatment of T. solium taeniasis carriers. In areas where all three species of Taenia tapeworms (T. solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica) occur sympatrically, conventional microscope- and copro-antigen based diagnostic methods are unable to distinguish between these three Taenia species. Molecular diagnostic tools have been developed to overcome this limitation; however, conventional PCR-based techniques remain unsuitable for large-scale deployment in community-based surveys. Moreover, a real-time PCR (qPCR) for the discrimination of all three species of Taenia in human stool does not exist. This study describes the development and validation of a new triplex Taq-Man probe-based qPCR for the detection and discrimination of all three Taenia human tapeworms in human stools collected from communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The diagnostic characteristics of the test are compared with conventional Kato Katz (KK) thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA (cAgELISA) method utilizing fecal samples from a community based cross-sectional study. Using this new multiplex real-time PCR we provide an estimate of the true prevalence of taeniasis in the source population for the community based cross-sectional study.Methodology/Principal findingsPrimers and TaqMan probes for the specific amplification of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica were designed and successfully optimized to target the internal transcribed spacer I (ITS-1) gene of T. solium and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX-1) gene of T. saginata and T. asiatica. The newly designed triplex qPCR (T3qPCR) was compared to KK and cAgELISA for the detection of Taenia eggs in stool samples collected from 342 individuals in Dak Lak province, Central Highlands of Vietnam. The overall apparent prevalence of taeniasis in Dak Lak province was 6.72% (95% confidence interval (CI) [3.94–9.50]) in which T. solium accounted for 1.17% (95% CI [0.37–3.17]), according to the T3qPCR. There was sympatric presence of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica. The T3qPCR proved superior to KK and cAgELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia species in human feces. Diagnostic sensitivities of 0.94 (95% credible interval (CrI) [0.88–0.98]), 0.82 (95% CrI [0.58–0.95]) and 0.52 (95% CrI [0.07–0.94]), and diagnostic specificities of 0.98 (95% CrI [0.94–1.00]), 0.91 (95% CrI [0.85–0.96]) and 0.99 (95% CrI [0.96–1.00]) were estimated for the diagnosis of taeniasis for the T3qPCR, cAgELISA and KK thick smear in this study, respectively.ConclusionsT3qPCR is not only superior to the KK thick smear and cAgELISA in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, but it also has the advantage of discriminating between species of Taenia eggs in stools. Application of this newly deve...

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“…Direct costs associated with treatment of NCC have also been assessed in California . NCC‐associated monetary losses to both human health and agricultural sectors have been evaluated in South Africa, Lao PDR and Cameroon . The objective of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect per‐patient annual costs associated with the treatment of 224 patients with NCC receiving care between July 2007 and August 2008 in two tertiary care hospitals in Mexico City, Mexico.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost of neurocysticercosis patients treated in two referral hospitals in Mexico City, Mexico

Bhattarai

Carabin

Proaño

et al. 2015

Tropical Med Int Health

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Abstractobjectives To estimate annual costs related to the diagnosis, treatment and productivity losses among patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC) receiving treatment at two referral hospitals, the Instituto Nacional methods Information on presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, hospitalisations, surgical procedures and other treatments received by NCC outpatients was collected from medical charts, and supplemented by an individual questionnaire regarding productivity losses and out-ofpocket expenses related to NCC.results The annual average per-patient direct costs were US$ 503 (95% CI: 414-592) and US$ 438 (95% CI: 322-571) for patients without a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery seen at the INNN and the HE-IMSS, respectively. These costs increased to US$ 2506 (95% CI: 1797-3215) and US$ 2170 (95% CI: 1303-3037), respectively, for patients with a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery. The average annual per-patient indirect costs were US$ 246 (95% CI: 165-324) and US$ 114 (95% CI: 51-178), respectively, using minimum salary wages for individuals not officially employed.conclusions The total annual cost for patients who had and had not been hospitalised and/or undergone a surgical procedure for the diagnosis or treatment of NCC corresponded to 212% and 41% of an annual minimum wage salary, respectively. The disease tends to affect rural socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and creates health disparities and significant economic losses in Mexico.

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The Economic Impact of Pig-Associated Parasitic Zoonosis in Northern Lao PDR

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system

Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system

Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools

Cost of neurocysticercosis patients treated in two referral hospitals in Mexico City, Mexico

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