The Economic Burden of Non–Influenza-Related Viral Respiratory Tract Infection in the United States

Fendrick, A. Mark; Monto, Arnold S.; Nightengale, Brian; Sarnes, Matthew

doi:10.1001/archinte.163.4.487

Cited by 721 publications

(572 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…16 Its impact on society and health care is large. Of individuals with an upper respiratory tract infection, 7%-17% of adults 17,18 and 33% of children 17 visit a physician. Upper respiratory tract infections result in an estimated increase of 12.5% in patient visits per month during cold and flu season.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…19 In the United States, direct medical costs related to the common cold (physician visits, secondary infections and medications) were an estimated $17 billion a year in 1997. 17 Indirect costs owing to missed work because of illness or caring for an ill child were an estimated $25 billion a year. 17 We review the evidence underpinning preventive and treatment interventions for the common cold.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…17 Indirect costs owing to missed work because of illness or caring for an ill child were an estimated $25 billion a year. 17 We review the evidence underpinning preventive and treatment interventions for the common cold. We do not explore the proposed biologic mechanisms for the different products, because most are not substantiated and generally represent more supposition than science.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence

Allan

Arroll

2014

CMAJ

163

136

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Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence

Allan

Arroll

2014

CMAJ

163

136

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“…URTI is estimated to cost $US 40 billion per year in the USA (3) , not including the cost of influenza, and is the most common reason for seeking primary care in many countries (4) . Despite this, little is known about how to decrease susceptibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adherence to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations as a measure of a healthy diet and upper respiratory tract infection

Fondell

Christensen

Bälter

et al. 2010

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The Nordic countries have published joint dietary recommendations, the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), since 1980. We evaluated adherence to the NNR as a measure of a healthy diet and its potential association with self-reported upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Design: A prospective, population-based study with a follow-up period of 4 months. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative FFQ with ninetysix items, along with other lifestyle factors, at baseline. URTI was assessed every three weeks. A Poisson regression model was used to control for age, sex and other confounding factors. Setting: A middle-sized county in northern Sweden. Subjects: Swedish men and women (n 1509) aged 20-60 years. Results: The NNR include recommendations on macronutrient proportions, physical activity and intake of micronutrients, sodium, fibre and alcohol. We found that overall adherence to the NNR was moderately good. In addition, we found that high adherence to the NNR (.5?5 adherence points) was not associated with a lower risk of URTI (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0?89, 95 % CI 0?73, 1?08) compared with low adherence (,4?5 adherence points). When investigating individual components of the NNR, only high physical activity was associated with lower URTI risk (IRR 5 0?82, 95 % CI 0?69, 0?97) whereas none of the dietary components were associated with risk of URTI. Conclusions: Overall adherence to the NNR was moderately good. Overall adherence to the NNR was not associated with URTI risk in our study. However, when investigating individual components of the NNR, we found that high physical activity was associated with lower URTI risk.

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“…RTI represent a major economic burden because of the need for hospitalization in severe cases and because of disruption of work caused by RTI symptoms (4,5) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and symptoms of respiratory tract infection in a Norwegian population: the Tromsø Study

Robertsen

Grimnes

Melbye

2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Previous studies have suggested anti-infection effects of vitamin D, although the associations reported between vitamin D (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration) and respiratory tract infection (RTI) are conflicting. The main aim of the present study was to explore this association in a Norwegian population. Design: We examined the association between serum 25(OH)D and recent RTI symptoms in 6350 middle-aged and elderly participants in the Tromsø Study 6. The main outcome measurement was self-reported RTI symptoms in the previous week. Setting: Tromsø, Norway, 698N. Subjects: Six thousand three hundred and fifty middle-aged and elderly residents of Tromsø. Results: Of the 6350 included, 791 (12?5 %) reported RTI symptoms in the previous week. We classified serum 25(OH)D concentrations into quartiles and adjusted the data for current smoking habit and month of attendance. The prevalence of RTI symptoms did not increase with decreasing serum 25(OH)D level, was highest in quartile 3 (15?0 %) followed by quartile 4 (12?4 %), and was lowest in quartiles 1 and 2 (11?1 % and 11?4 %). There was no trend for increasing duration of illness with decreasing serum 25(OH)D. The prevalence of RTI symptoms was not significantly associated with the intake of fish, n-3 capsules or vitamin and/or mineral supplements, or sun exposure. Only use of cod-liver oil or fish oil capsules daily or sometimes was significantly associated with fewer RTI symptoms during the preceding 7 d (P 5 0?04). Conclusions: Low serum 25(OH)D was not associated with increased prevalence of recent RTI symptoms. Our findings do not support the idea that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the incidence of RTI in Norway.

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The Economic Burden of Non–Influenza-Related Viral Respiratory Tract Infection in the United States

Abstract: Largely because of the high attack rate, non-influenza-related VRTI imposes a greater economic burden than many other clinical conditions. The pending availability of effective antiviral therapies warrants increased attention be paid to this common and expensive illness.

Cited by 721 publications

References 44 publications

Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence

Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence

Adherence to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations as a measure of a healthy diet and upper respiratory tract infection

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and symptoms of respiratory tract infection in a Norwegian population: the Tromsø Study

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