The Economic Burden of Hepatitis A, B, and C in South Korea

Shon, Changwoo; Choi, Han Sung; Shim, Jae‐Jun; Park, So Youn; Lee, Kyung Suk; Yoon, Seok Jun; Oh, In Hwan

doi:10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.499

Cited by 20 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, it used NHIS claims data, which is representative of the nationwide population. It is also the latest study to have estimated the socio‐economic costs of viral hepatitis B across 14 years, which is a much longer period compared to the study duration of previous studies . Because it analysed the costs from a societal perspective, it demonstrates the extensive effect of viral hepatitis B on the overall society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NHIS claims data from 2002 to 2015 were used for this study. The NHIS was independently established as a single‐payer health insurance system in the Republic of Korea, and its data include information regarding claims for reimbursed medical services, classified according to disease diagnosis . The NHIS is a mandatory insurance, and all Korean citizens are enrolled in the NHIS (97%) or Medical Aid (3%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding informal care costs, either opportunity costs of caregiving time or replacement costs of hiring professional caregivers could be considered. In general, it was assumed that one outpatient visit was equivalent to one‐third of a day of hospitalization . The NHIS data provided the number of days of hospitalization and medical service.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs of viral hepatitis B in the Republic of Korea, 2002‐2015

Baik

Kim

et al. 2019

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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The Republic of Korea has a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and the policies concerning costly antiviral medication have been revised recently. However, in the past 10 years, no related research on costs has been conducted. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden of viral hepatitis B and determine the trend of changes in its costs between 2002 and 2015. Claims data from the National Health Insurance Service were used. To identify viral hepatitis B cases, the ICD‐10th code B16, B17.0, B18.0 and B18.1 were used based on a primary diagnosis. This study was conducted from a societal perspective regarding both direct and indirect costs. Annual costs were adjusted for inflation by calculations based on the 2015 costs. The number of patients with viral hepatitis B increased from 213 758 in 2002 to 342 672 in 2015. The total socio‐economic costs increased from 127.1 million USD in 2002 to 459.1 million USD in 2015, mainly due to the increase in pharmaceutical costs, which accounted for the largest proportion of total costs since 2009—220.5 million USD in 2015, which was ~15 times higher than that in 2002. The healthcare costs for viral hepatitis B accounted for 0.13% of the national health expenditure in 2002, increasing to 0.31% in 2015. The economic burden of viral hepatitis B has increased in the Republic of Korea. It is therefore essential to reduce the healthcare costs of HBV infection by establishing an effective management policy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs of viral hepatitis B in the Republic of Korea, 2002‐2015

Baik

Kim

et al. 2019

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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“…[15] Interestingly, from 2008 to 2011, the total (direct and indirect) cost of HCV infection increased from 63.9 to 90.7 million USD. Moreover, although direct costs of hepatitis A and B were estimated to account for 35.5% and 46.6%, the figures for hepatitis C were 58.0%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of direct medical cost related to the management of chronic hepatitis C and its complications in South Korea

Kim

Yoon

Kim³

et al. 2016

Medicine

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Background:This study aimed to estimate the direct medical costs of managing chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and its complications based on health-care resources in South Korea.Methods:The study design was multicenter, retrospective, non-interventional, and observational. Between September 2013 and April 2014, health-care resource data from patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, regardless of genotype, were collected from 8 institutions, including data related to outpatient management, emergency care, and hospitalization. The observation period was between January 2011 and December 2012. The disease state was classified as CHC, compensated cirrhosis (CC), decompensated cirrhosis (DC), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Results:A total of 445 patients were recruited and mean age was 60.1 ± 12.3 years. Among 155 patients with reported outcomes of antiviral therapy, 107 (69%) had sustained virologic response (SVR). The rate of patients who did not receive antiviral therapy was 52.8% (n = 235). The distribution of disease state was CHC in 307 patients (69.0%), CC in 75 (16.9%), HCC in 45 (10.1%), and DC in 18 (4.0%). All direct medical costs, whether reimbursed or nonreimbursed by the National Health Insurance System, were included. After excluding patients whose observational period was <1 month for each disease status, the mean costs per month increased as disease state progressed (CHC: 77 ± 80 USD; CC: 98 ± 94 USD; DC: 512 ± 1115 USD; HCC: 504 ± 717 USD). The mean total costs per person were 3590 ± 8783 USD, and approximately 72% of patients were reimbursed. When 44 patients with an observation period <1 month were excluded, the mean medical costs per month for patients with CHC who achieved SVR (n = 69) were significantly lower than for those (n = 215) who did not (42 ± 16 vs 79 ± 83 USD, P < 0.001). The cost also tended to be lower for patients with CC with SVR (n = 8) than for those without SVR (n = 70; 48 ± 20 vs 95 ± 96 USD, P = 0.177). The cost of antiviral therapy (pegylated interferon and ribavirin) corresponded to 19.0% of total medical costs and 53.7% of prescription/pharmacy.Conclusion:The direct medical costs increased as disease state progressed from CHC to cirrhosis or HCC. The achievement of SVR by antiviral therapy would decrease the costs.

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“…Therefore, we read with interest the recent paper by Shon et al (1) who estimated the economic burden of hepatitis A, B, and C in South Korea. In their study, the population prevalence and mortality rates were estimated for each of these diseases over a 4-years study period, that is, 2008-2011.…”

Section: Economic Burden Of Hepatitis In South Koreamentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Burden of Hepatitis in South Korea

Watson¹,

Minini

Encinas

2016

Jpn J Infect Dis

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Dear Editor: It is important to understand the relative economic burden of different diseases in order to make the best public health policy decisions. Therefore, we read with interest the recent paper by Shon et al. (1) who estimated the economic burden of hepatitis A, B, and C in South Korea. In their study, the population prevalence and mortality rates were estimated for each of these diseases over a 4-years study period, that is, 2008-2011. The mortality rates estimated in this study, expressed as the rate per 100,000 of the population, were over 10 times higher for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection than for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. For example, mortality rate for HCV infection was 0.58 compared with 0.03 for HBV infection in 2011.The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is considerably higher than that of HCV infection in South Korea. Furthermore, HBV was found to be associated with a majority of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases in a large, single-center Korean cohortbased study (2), and the population-attributable fraction of HCC for HBV was estimated to be 68.1z (3). In contrast, Shon et al. reported higher mortality rates for HCV infection. Since the findings were unexpected, we reviewed the figures presented in the paper. We assumed that the absolute number of deaths (obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service) were correct. Additionally, we assumed that the total number of cases of each disease (obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service) were correct. We obtained the total population number by back-calculation from the number of cases and population prevalence figures. Subsequently, we recalculated hepatitis B-related mortality rates (per 100,000) for each year and obtained the following numbers: 1.79 for 2008, 1.68 for 2009, 1.80 for 2010, and 1.73 for 2011. In contrast to the results published in the paper by Shon et al., we estimate that the mortality rates due to hepatitis B in South Korea were 3 to 5 times higher than those for hepatitis C.We could not determine whether this correction of the mortality rate calculation for hepatitis B would have a significant impact on the indirect costs and calculated economic burden. However, if the authors agree with our revised mortality rate calculations, we suggest that they should confirm whether there is any impact on the estimations of the economic burden.Additionally, our review of other figures revealed a discrepancy in the per capita total costs for hepatitis A in 2011. Our recalculation revealed a cost of 1.94, instead of 1.17 (thousands of US dollars), which is slightly higher than values reported for hepatitis B and C, and this brings it in line with the values determined for the prior 3 years for hepatitis A. Based on the original calculation showing hepatitis C accounted for the highest total per capita costs in 2011, the authors speculated that the relatively high cost of hepatitis C might be because of the higher cost of medicines used to treat that disease. However, if hepatitis A has t...

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The Economic Burden of Hepatitis A, B, and C in South Korea

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Costs of viral hepatitis B in the Republic of Korea, 2002‐2015

Costs of viral hepatitis B in the Republic of Korea, 2002‐2015

Estimation of direct medical cost related to the management of chronic hepatitis C and its complications in South Korea

Economic Burden of Hepatitis in South Korea

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