The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

Ngcamphalala, Cebisile; Östensson, Ellinor; Ginindza, Themba G.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250113

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our findings are in agreement with previous studies that reported that the cost of cervical cancer mortality varied by region and country. Ngcamphalala et al ( 10 ) reported considerable costs of cervical cancer in Eswatini, with indirect costs accounting for 27% (USD5.3 million) of total expenditures and productivity loss due to premature mortality accounting for 67% (USD3.5 million). Likewise, a Vietnamese study describing the burden of colorectal cancer reported that the productivity costs of the cancer were about 83.58% of the overall cost, with 82.61% of future income loss occurring during the productive years ( 11 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple studies have described the significant economic impact of cancer in LMICs compared to high-income nations — a population-based study in 2018 about the economic impact of cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa reported an estimated total annual cost of cervical cancer as USD19 million ( 10 ). Likewise, the total economic cost of colorectal cancer in Vietnam was Vietnamese Dong (VND)3,041.88 billion (USD132.9 million), with indirect costs accounting for 83.58% of the total cost and 82.61% of which is future income loss ( 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of Productivity Costs Related to Cervical Cancer Mortality in Indonesia 2018

Kristina¹,

Endarti²,

Aditama³

2022

MJMS

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Background: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in Indonesia, causing a significant societal burden. This study aims to quantify the burden of cervical cancer in terms of years of life lost (YLL) and productivity cost to support the idea that cervical cancer has substantial economic implications. Methods: Using an epidemiological approach on the prevalence data of 2018, the productivity cost and YLL were estimated by calculating the number of cervical cancer deaths, life expectancy, annual earnings and employment participation rate. Cervical cancer mortality data were obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) 2018, life expectancy for Indonesia from the WHO Life Tables (2019), and the annual earnings and participation rate of Indonesia were retrieved from the National Statistics Bureau (2018). Results: In 2018, there were 17,253 deaths due to cervical cancer in Indonesia, resulting in 246,350 YLL with a total productivity cost of Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)23,174 trillion. The age group of 50 years old–64 years old experienced the greatest loss of earnings (IDR12,149 trillion), followed by the 35 years old–49 years old (IDR8,944 trillion) and 20 years old–34 years old (IDR8,944 trillion) age groups. Conclusion: The productivity impact of loss of earning due to cervical cancer mortality is significant. This information may assist decision makers in allocating scarce resources among competing priorities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Productivity Costs Related to Cervical Cancer Mortality in Indonesia 2018

Kristina¹,

Endarti²,

Aditama³

2022

MJMS

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“…Globally, cancer is a leading cause of death and represents a major public health burden. According to the global cancer observatory (GLOBOCAN) report of 2018, there were an estimated 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer, with 311,000 deaths from the disease (Bray et al, 2018), mostly caused by the human papillomavirus (Ngcamphalala et al, 2021). Traditional treatments of cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and prophylactic vaccines have also been developed to reduce the incidence of HPV-induced cervical cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-Induction Potential of Fraction F3 from Fruits of Bersama engleriana (Melanthaceae) against Human Cervical Cancer Cells

Majoumouo¹,

Tincho²,

Morris³

et al. 2022

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Cervical cancer is one of the most life-threatening malignancies worldwide, despite intensive research for more efficacious chemotherapeutic agents. Recent efforts geared towards eradicating the scourge of cancer have embodied a major surge of interest in natural products as promising lead molecules in pharmaceutical development and therapeutic translation. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of a previously identified plant Fraction (F3) from Bersama engleriana against cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and non-cancerous normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF cells). Flow cytometric analysis via Annexin V/PI in HeLa cells was carried out to assess apoptosis induction. We report here the 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) of fraction F3 to be 96.15 µg/mL and a 50% Cytotoxic Concentration (CC50) of 527.4 µg/mL, as well as a Selectivity Index (SI) of 5.48, thus confirming that fraction F3 is relatively non-toxic to the normal cells compared to the cancer cells evaluated. In addition, microscopic observations showed a higher reduction of cells, aggregated with dark color in HeLa cells treated with fraction F3 compared to control (cells only). The Annexin V/PI analysis showed the percentages of apoptotic cells were 4.6±0.05, 7.9±0.9 and 7.6±0.15, respectively, for the control and treatments of cells with 120 and 150 µg/mL fraction F3 in early apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI-) 48 h post-treatment. Percentages of apoptotic cells were 2.1±0.1, 8.9±0.2 and 7.7±0.2, respectively, for control, 120 and 150 µg/mL fraction F3 treatments in late apoptosis (Annexin V+/PI+) after 48 h posttreatment. Nevertheless, a comparison of the lowest percentage inhibition of apoptosis with the highest number of reduced cells observed with fluorescence microscopy suggests that fraction F3 may exert its growth inhibitory action on HeLa cells via another mechanism. The results established that fraction F3 from B. engleriana is a promising source for exploring antitumor activity.

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“…Another important success in primary prevention of cervical cancer was registered this year in Eswatini. The country is on the list of those with highest incidence of the disease in the world [3], associated with an estimated total yearly cost of 19 million USD [16]. This year, in September, the planned vaccination of 80,000 girls is due to start.…”

Section: Primary Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting elimination of cervical cancer by 2030: a baseline assessment in six African countries—part II

Stefan¹,

Dangou²,

Barango³

et al. 2022

ecancer

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Background: Africa is home to many countries with the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the world. It is encouraging to see that the efforts to prevent and manage this disease are intensifying across the continent. The World Health Organization (WHO) has, in the last years, led a world-wide initiative to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem, starting by setting clear targets for 2030. Aim:To assist those African countries with the largest burden of cervical cancer, to reach the set targets, as a first step, WHO initiated a baseline capacity assessment in African high burden countries. We present and discuss the results thereof in this paper. Method:The countries selected for the baseline evaluation were Eswatini, Guinea, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia. The data were collected by a mailed questionnaire in English, with 129 questions, most of them with preset answer options. It was answered by national coordinators of non-communicable diseases, cancer control or reproductive health programmes in the ministries of health and by the WHO country representatives. Based on the answers, suggestions were made towards optimising the efforts for cancer control.Results: Except for Eswatini and Guinea, vaccination against the human papilloma virus (HPV) has reached between 74% and 98% of girls in the age bracket. The main method for cervical screening is still inspection with acid acetic. HPV testing, recommended by WHO, is being introduced slowly. The numbers of women screened are not yet nearing the required levels. Between 30% and 70% of the cervical cancers diagnosed are being treated with palliative intent. A deficit of personnel was reported for all professions involved in cervical cancer care.Conclusions: Guinea will need assistance to implement HPV immunisations and expand screening. In all six countries surveyed, steps should be taken to introduce or scale up the more precise HPV screening instead of acid acetic inspection of the cervix, to replace the current cryoablation of the preinvasive lesions of the cervix with thermal ablation and to increase the capacity for screening. Solutions need to be found for covering the dearth in gynaecological oncologists and radiotherapy installations and personnel.

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The economic burden of cervical cancer in Eswatini: Societal perspective

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Prediction of Productivity Costs Related to Cervical Cancer Mortality in Indonesia 2018

Prediction of Productivity Costs Related to Cervical Cancer Mortality in Indonesia 2018

Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-Induction Potential of Fraction F3 from Fruits of Bersama engleriana (Melanthaceae) against Human Cervical Cancer Cells

Targeting elimination of cervical cancer by 2030: a baseline assessment in six African countries—part II

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