The Dynamics of Herpesvirus and Polyomavirus Reactivation and Shedding in Healthy Adults: A 14‐Month Longitudinal Study

Ling, Paul D.; Lednicky, John A.; Keitel, Wendy A.; Poston, David; White, Zoe S.; Peng, RongSheng; Liu, Zhensheng; Mehta, Satish K.; Pierson, Duane L.; Rooney, Cliona M.; Vilchez, Regis A.; Smith, E. OˈBrian; Butel, Janet S.

doi:10.1086/374739

Cited by 154 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…EBV infection is generally controlled by the immune system in healthy individuals, but the virus remains latent in circulating B lymphocytes (19,20). Viral reactivation can occur in seropositive-normal individuals, resulting in viral shedding in the oropharynx (21). Although it is estimated that 90% of the healthy adult population is seropositive for EBV, reactivation occurs in only 10-20% of This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Willner¹,

Furlan²,

Schmieder³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

118

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The human oropharynx is a reservoir for many potential pathogens, including streptococcal species that cause endocarditis. Although oropharyngeal microbes have been well described, viral communities are essentially uncharacterized. We conducted a metagenomic study to determine the composition of oropharyngeal DNA viral communities (both phage and eukaryotic viruses) in healthy individuals and to evaluate oropharyngeal swabs as a rapid method for viral detection. Viral DNA was extracted from 19 pooled oropharyngeal swabs and sequenced. Viral communities consisted almost exclusively of phage, and complete genomes of several phage were recovered, including Escherichia coli phage T3, Propionibacterium acnes phage PA6, and Streptococcus mitis phage SM1. Phage relative abundances changed dramatically depending on whether samples were chloroform treated or filtered to remove microbial contamination. pblA and pblB genes of phage SM1 were detected in the metagenomes. pblA and pblB mediate the attachment of S. mitis to platelets and play a significant role in S. mitis virulence in the endocardium, but have never previously been detected in the oral cavity. These genes were also identified in salivary metagenomes from three individuals at three time points and in individual saliva samples by PCR. Additionally, we demonstrate that phage SM1 can be induced by commonly ingested substances. Our results indicate that the oral cavity is a reservoir for pblA and pblB genes and for phage SM1 itself. Further studies will determine the association between pblA and pblB genes in the oral cavity and the risk of endocarditis.endocarditis | metagenomics | oropharyngeal viruses | phage-encoded virulence | streptococcal phage

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Willner¹,

Furlan²,

Schmieder³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

118

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“…These data are consistent with other studies that showed high CMV and EBV salivary shedding among more immunosuppressed patients in comparison with HIV-seronegative individuals 4,7,10 . Even in patients submitted to HAART, EBV and CMV shedding appears to persist at a higher frequency compared with HIV-uninfected controls 8,12 . This finding is in agreement with other studies in Brazil that also showed a high prevalence of CMV and EBV in HIV-seropositive patients 10;35 .…”

Section: Ethicalmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The frequencies of these viruses are wide-ranging, varying from 62 to 90% for EBV; 57% for HHV-8; 19 to 72% for CMV and 5 to 16 for HSV-1 4,7,[10][11][12] . In these reports, the prevalence of HHVs was higher in HIV-seropositive patients than seronegative individuals.…”

Section: Article/artigomentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Carvalho

Silvestre

Maciel

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8), some can also cause systemic disease . The transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of HHVs and related diseases. Methods: This work aimed to detect HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8 DNA in saliva of HIV-infected patients from Teresina, northeast Brazil, by PCR and compare these findings with age and sex matched HIV-seronegative individuals. Results: No difference in prevalence was verified between HHV detection in the saliva of HIV-seropositive individuals and controls. The individual frequencies of these viruses in these two populations were different. HIV seropositivity correlated positively with the presence of CMV (OR: 18.2, p= 0.00032) and EBV (OR: 3.44, p= 0.0081). No association between CD4 counts and the prevalence of HHVs in the saliva was observed; however, a strong association was determined between seropositivity and the presence of multiple HHV DNAs in saliva (OR: 4.83, p = 0.0028). Conclusions: These findings suggest the asymptomatic salivary shedding of HHVs is a common event between HIV-seropositive and seronegative individuals from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and, especially for HIV-seropositive patients, saliva is a risk factor for the acquisition/transmission of multiple HHVs. Key-words:Human herpesvirus. Saliva. PCR. HIV seropositive. RESUMOIntrodução: Alguns herpesvírus humanos são frequentemente associados a doenças orofaciais em humanos. A transmissão destes vírus ocorre através do contato com secreções contaminadas, especialmente a saliva. A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana é considerada um fator de risco para a aquisição de HHVs e doenças correlatas. Métodos: Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar por PCR o DNA de HSV-1, EBV, CMV e HHV-8 na saliva de pacientes infectados com HIV em Teresina, nordeste do Brasil, e comparar os dados obtidos com o grupo controle (indivíduos HIV negativos). Resultados: Não há diferença na prevalência de detecção de HHVs na saliva de indivíduos HIV soropositivos e soronegativos. No entanto, as frequências individuais de detecção dos diferentes HHVs são diferentes entre estas duas populações. A soropositividade para HIV apresentou correlação positiva com a presença de CMV (OR: 18,2, p = 0,00032) e EBV (OR: 3,44, p = 0,0081). Não foi verificada nenhuma associação entre a contagem de CD4 e prevalência de HHVs na saliva, no entanto existe uma forte associação entre a soropositividade e a detecção do DNA de vários HHVs na saliva (OR: 4,83, p = 0,0028). Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem que a transmissão salivar de HHVs é um evento comum entre os indivíduos HIV soropositivos e soronegativos de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, e, especialmente para os pacientes soropositivos, a saliva é um fator de risco para a aquisição/transmissão de múltiplos HHVs.Palavras-chaves: Herpesvirus humanos. Saliva. PCR. HIV sorop...

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“…Reactivation of JCV can occur in otherwise healthy individuals and leads to asymptomatic viruria (57,58). A study investigating patterns of sporadic reactivation showed that JCV infections are persistent, and that healthy persons older than age 40 years commonly shed the virus in urine (59).…”

Section: Polyomavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral infection and reactivation in autoimmune disease

Chakravarty

2008

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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The Dynamics of Herpesvirus and Polyomavirus Reactivation and Shedding in Healthy Adults: A 14‐Month Longitudinal Study

Cited by 154 publications

References 55 publications

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity

PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Viral infection and reactivation in autoimmune disease

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