The Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials in Comparison with Ordinary Portland Cements and Concretes: A Review

Wang, Aiguo; Zheng, Yun; Zhang, Zuhua; Liu, Kaiwei; Li, Yan; Shi, Liang; Sun, Dongbai

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.019

Cited by 196 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…AAC’s mechanical and durability performances have been reported to be at least on par with OPC [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Despite such promises, the large-scale utilization of AAC concrete still faces challenges because of widely varying source materials [ 8 ], lack of standard mix design methods [ 9 ], and use of corrosive alkaline solutions [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting Time and Strength Monitoring of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixtures by Ultrasonic Testing

2021

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Alkali-activated cement (AAC) is a promising binder that replaces ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In this study, the development of setting time and strength of AAC mixes were studied using ultrasonic testing method. The test results were compared with traditional Vicat setting time and compressive and flexural strengths. The findings showed that setting times and strengths have a strong correlation with ultrasonic velocity curve. The initial setting time corresponds well with the ultrasonic velocity curve’s dormant period, and the final setting time with the time it takes to reach the velocity curve’s maximum acceleration. Both setting times also showed a correlation with the value of the maximum acceleration. An exponential relation was found between the ultrasonic velocity and the compressive and flexural strengths. The effect of binder content, alkaline solid to binder ratio (AS/B), sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solids ratio (SS/SH), and total water to total solid binder ratio (TW/TS) on the strength and setting time are also studied using Taguchi method of experimental design. AS/B ratio showed a significant influence on the setting time of AAC while TW/TS ratio showed only a minor effect. The ultrasonic velocities were able to capture the effect of the different parameters similar to the compressive strength. The velocity decreased mainly with the increase of TW/TS ratio and binder content, while AS/B and SS/SH ratios showed a lower influence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting Time and Strength Monitoring of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixtures by Ultrasonic Testing

2021

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“…In this section, the performance of OPC concrete is presented and compared with AASC in an HCl acid solution. As stated before, alkali-activated materials show acceptable mechanical properties and durability in acidic media [65,66]. Nevertheless, when acid attacks OPC concrete, calcium components, especially calcium hydroxide, hydrated calcium silicate, and hydrated calcium aluminate, convert into calcium salts, leading to deterioration and cracking [3].…”

Section: Comparison Of Opc Concrete and Aasc In Hcl Acid Solutionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Mix Design Effects on the Durability of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete in a Hydrochloric Acid Environment

2021

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Because of its high strength, energy reduction, and low environmental impact, researchers have encouraged considering alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) as a potential alternative to conventional concrete. In this study, the impact of mix design parameters on the durability of AASC, made with ground granulated blast furnace slag and activated with different alkaline solutions (NaOH, KOH, and Na2SiO3) immersed up to six months in a hydrochloric acid bath with pH = 3, has been investigated. A total of 13 mix designs were made in a way that, in addition to the type of alkaline solution, considered three other parameters, namely the molarity of alkaline solutions, the weight ratio of alkaline solutions to slag, and the weight ratio of alkaline solutions to sodium silicate. Visual inspections displayed that the AASC samples almost remained intact after exposure to an HCl acid solution with pH = 3 for up to 6 months, while the OPC sample experienced deleterious deterioration. The results clearly show that AASC outperformed OPC concrete when it comes to durability in an HCl acid solution. The strength reduction and weight loss of AASC compared with OPC concrete were approximately one-tenth and one-fifth, respectively. The AASC samples containing potassium hydroxide showed a higher strength reduction and weight loss in the HCl acid solution than the samples made with sodium hydroxide.

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“…The process of carbonation of alkali-activated materials with high amount of calcium, counting the dissolution of CO 2 in the pore solution to form carbonic acid which reacts directly with the C-A-S-H gel, consequently formed CaCO 3 [26].…”

Section: Analytical Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting products also depend on the type and amount of activator used [17][18][19]. During alkaline activation of slag, calcium is dissolved and aluminum participates in the formation of C-(A)-S-H gel [17,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The properties of alkali-activated aluminosilicates are affected by the formation of a three-dimensional gel of the N-A-S-H type [17,18,20,[22][23][24][25]27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of Application Cement By-Pass Dust into the Garden Architecture Elements

2021

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This article deals with the possibility of using cement by-pass dust (CBPD) in the garden architecture elements, specifically in curbs for park use. To increase the positive effect on the environment, other secondary raw materials were also used in the research, specifically blast furnace granulated slag and silica fly ash. Mixtures were based on alkali activation, where cement as a binder was 100% replaced by raw materials with waste properties. In the research, properties of used materials and also the basic physical-mechanical and durability properties of prepared mixtures were determined Part of the research focused on the effect of the tested beams on the grassland planted around the beams. Any significant negative impact was not registered, except for low pH increase of soil. Infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis were performed on selected samples. Testing has shown that the products are in accordance with the Czech standard requirements for concrete curbs in garden architecture. The samples did not pass only the scaling test, which is, however, a condition for concrete curbs used for roads. For garden architecture this test is not required.

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The Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials in Comparison with Ordinary Portland Cements and Concretes: A Review

Cited by 196 publications

References 93 publications

Setting Time and Strength Monitoring of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixtures by Ultrasonic Testing

Setting Time and Strength Monitoring of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixtures by Ultrasonic Testing

Mix Design Effects on the Durability of Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete in a Hydrochloric Acid Environment

Possibilities of Application Cement By-Pass Dust into the Garden Architecture Elements

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