The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Description and Results at High Resolution

Caldwell, Peter; Mametjanov, Azamat; Tang, Qi; Roekel, Luke Van; Golaz, Jean‐Christophe; Lin, Wuyin; Bader, David C.; Keen, Noel D.; Feng, Yan; Jacob, Robert; Maltrud, Mathew; Roberts, Andrew; Taylor, Mark A.; Veneziani, Milena; Wang, Hailong; Wolfe, Jonathan D.; Balaguru, Karthik; Cameron-Smith, P. J.; Dong, Lu; Klein, Stephen A.; Leung, L. Ruby; Li, Hongyi; Li, Qing; Liu, Xiaohong; Neale, Richard; Pinheiro, M. C.; Qian, Yun; Ullrich, P. A.; Xie, Shaocheng; Yang, Yang; Zhang, Yuying; Zhang, Kai; Zhou, Tian

doi:10.1029/2019ms001870

Cited by 172 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Hence, given a new protocol, together with model resolutions which range wider than those used in previous CMIP exercises, we need to assess the efficacy of this experimental design, finding its strengths and weaknesses, in addition to using it to assess the impact of model horizontal resolution. Similar assessments with other global climate models are ongoing and can be found in C. D. , Cherchi et al (2019), Voldoire et al (2019), Gutjahr et al (2019), Sidorenko et al (2019), Haarsma et al (2019) and Caldwell et al (2019).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Description of the resolution hierarchy of the global coupled HadGEM3-GC3.1 model as used in CMIP6 HighResMIP experiments

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) HighResMIP is a new experimental design for global climate model simulations that aims to assess the impact of model horizontal resolution on climate simulation fidelity. We describe a hierarchy of global coupled model resolutions based on the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model 3 – Global Coupled vn 3.1 (HadGEM3-GC3.1) model that ranges from an atmosphere–ocean resolution of 130 km–1∘ to 25 km–1∕12∘, all using the same forcings and initial conditions. In order to make such high-resolution simulations possible, the experiments have a short 30-year spinup, followed by at least century-long simulations with constant forcing to assess drift. We assess the change in model biases as a function of both atmosphere and ocean resolution, together with the effectiveness and robustness of this new experimental design. We find reductions in the biases in top-of-atmosphere radiation components and cloud forcing. There are significant reductions in some common surface climate model biases as resolution is increased, particularly in the Atlantic for sea surface temperature and precipitation, primarily driven by increased ocean resolution. There is also a reduction in drift from the initial conditions both at the surface and in the deeper ocean at higher resolution. Using an eddy-present and eddy-rich ocean resolution enhances the strength of the North Atlantic ocean circulation (boundary currents, overturning circulation and heat transport), while an eddy-present ocean resolution has a considerably reduced Antarctic Circumpolar Current strength. All models have a reasonable representation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In general, the biases present after 30 years of simulations do not change character markedly over longer timescales, justifying the experimental design.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Description of the resolution hierarchy of the global coupled HadGEM3-GC3.1 model as used in CMIP6 HighResMIP experiments

et al. 2019

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“…A high resolution will produce a much better AMOC system than the one by lower resolution in observations. For both CESM and E3SM, previous studies also indicate that the simulated Gulf Stream is much closer to the observed one in the 1/108 horizontal resolution version of the models than that in the standard 18 version (Bryan et al 2010;Small et al 2014;Caldwell et al 2019). Nevertheless, any detailed comparisons between model simulations and observations are complicated not only by the dependence of the details of the modeled AMOC including the Gulf Stream system and their biases on resolution, but also by the dependence of the details of the observed climatology on the resolution at which it is compiled (e.g., see Seidov et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Role of AMOC in Transient Climate Response to Greenhouse Gas Forcing in Two Coupled Models

Roekel

Weijer

et al. 2020

Journal of Climate

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As the greenhouse gas concentrations increase, a warmer climate is expected. However, numerous internal climate processes can modulate the primary radiative warming response of the climate system to rising greenhouse gas forcing. Here the particular internal climate process that we focus on is the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), an important global-scale feature of ocean circulation that serves to transport heat and other scalars, and we address the question of how the mean strength of AMOC can modulate the transient climate response. While the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) and the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SM1) have very similar equilibrium/effective climate sensitivity, our analysis suggests that a weaker AMOC contributes in part to the higher transient climate response to a rising greenhouse gas forcing seen in E3SM1 by permitting a faster warming of the upper ocean and a concomitant slower warming of the subsurface ocean. Likewise the stronger AMOC in CESM2 by permitting a slower warming of the upper ocean leads in part to a smaller transient climate response. Thus, while the mean strength of AMOC does not affect the equilibrium/effective climate sensitivity, it is likely to play an important role in determining the transient climate response on the centennial time scale.

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“…One of the pair prescribes the SST and sea ice concentration to represent current climate conditions. The other simulation is identical except for increasing the SST uniformly by 4 K. More details about the E3SMv1 Cess configuration are documented in Caldwell et al, (2019).…”

Section: Model Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is critical to ensure that the O3v2 scheme does not cause significant degradation of the simulated mean climate as well as the climate sensitivity. Here we apply the same diagnostic to examine the overall climate performance as used in the E3SMv1 overview papers (Golaz et al, 2019;Caldwell et al, 2019). In this diagnostic (Figs.…”

Section: Mean Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the interactive stratospheric ozone (O3v2 module) for the E3SM version 2 Earth System Model

Tang¹,

Prather²,

Hsu³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Stratospheric ozone affects climate directly as the predominant heat source in the stratosphere and indirectly through chemical feedbacks controlling other greenhouse gases. The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) implemented a new ozone chemistry module that improves the simulation of the sharp tropopause gradients, replacing a version based partly on long-term average climatologies that poorly represented heating rates in the lowermost stratosphere. The new O3v2 module extends seamlessly into the troposphere and preserves the naturally sharp cross-tropopause gradient, with 20-40% less ozone in this region. Additionally, O3v2 enables the diagnosis of stratosphere-troposphere exchange flux of ozone, a key budget term lacking in E3SMv1. Here, we evaluate key features in ozone abundance and other closely related quantities in atmosphere-only E3SMv1 simulations driven by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs, years 1990-2014), comparing with satellite observations and the University of California, Irvine chemistry transport model (UCI CTM) using the same stratospheric chemistry scheme but driven by European Centre forecast fields for the same period. In terms of stratospheric column ozone, O3v2 shows improved mean bias and northern mid-latitude variability, but not quite as good as the UCI CTM. As expected, SST forcing does not match the observed quasi-biennial oscillation, which is mostly matched with the UCI CTM. This new O3v2 E3SM model retains mostly the same climate state and climate sensitivity as the previous version, and we recommend its use for other climate models that still use ozone climatologies.

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The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Description and Results at High Resolution

Cited by 172 publications

References 168 publications

Description of the resolution hierarchy of the global coupled HadGEM3-GC3.1 model as used in CMIP6 HighResMIP experiments

Description of the resolution hierarchy of the global coupled HadGEM3-GC3.1 model as used in CMIP6 HighResMIP experiments

Role of AMOC in Transient Climate Response to Greenhouse Gas Forcing in Two Coupled Models

Evaluation of the interactive stratospheric ozone (O3v2 module) for the E3SM version 2 Earth System Model

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