The Distribution of Fluoride in Carious Human Enamel

Pearce, E.I.F.; Coote, G.E.; Larsen, Mona

doi:10.1177/00220345950740111001

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We found that the fluoride concentration in the surface and subsurface regions was two to four times higher (Table 3) respectively, which supports the concept that fluoride-rich mineral coat the intraprismatic spaces in remineralized lesions. These results agree with reports of higher acid resistance and fluoride content in arrested enamel caries than in sound enamel, [23][24][25] and is probably one reason why the laminar pattern underneath the remineralized lesions was more pronounced in the FCG group after the acid challenge (Fig 4). This laminar pattern was present in some of the control group because the original enamel probably contained high fluoride levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Remineralization and acid resistance of enamel lesions after chewing gum containing fluoride extracted from green tea

Suyama

Tamura

Ozawa

et al. 2011

Australian Dental Journal

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel remineralization and the acquisition of acid resistance by using sugar-free chewing gum containing fluoride extracted from green tea. Methods: Forty-five volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind study and wore intraoral appliances with human demineralized enamel. Subjects chewed fluoride chewing gum (FCG: 50 lg fluoride) or placebo gum. Remineralization and acid resistance were evaluated using the mineral change value (DZ, in vol%AElm). Fluoride concentrations in saliva and remineralized enamel were analysed. Results: The peak salivary fluoride concentration was 3.93 ± 1.28 ppm (mean ± SD). The elevated salivary fluoride concentration resulted in a higher fluoride concentration of 656 ± 95 ppm in the remineralized region versus 159 ± 26 ppm for placebo gum (p < 0.001). After remineralization, the DZ of the FCG group was higher than that of the placebo gum group. After an acid challenge, DZ of the FCG group was lower than the placebo gum group. Both DZ were statistically significant. Conclusions: FCG produced a superior level of remineralization and acid resistance, as compared to the placebo gum. The in situ results suggest that regular use of FCG is useful for preventing dental caries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Remineralization and acid resistance of enamel lesions after chewing gum containing fluoride extracted from green tea

Suyama

Tamura

Ozawa

et al. 2011

Australian Dental Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…there was a high concentration of F in a layer at the surface, declining steeply to a low and relatively constant F level in the enamel interior [Nakagaki et al, 1987;Pearce et al, 1995;Cutress et al, 1996]. Along this narrow band the groove/fissure F concentration fluctuated as it does in sound outer smooth surface enamel [Pearce et al, 1995] but not because of abrasion, a factor known to reduce surface F in unprotected areas [Weatherell et al, 1983]. The fluctuations in this sound fissure enamel could be a developmental effect, or the result of uneven post-eruptive uptake of topical F. In the only narrow fissure where measurements could be made, the high F surface layers on both sides appeared to be somewhat narrower near the fissure bottom and gradually widened towards the fissure opening ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study we have exploited the combined high resolution and sensitivity of the proton probe together with computer three-dimensional graphics to image F concentrations in fissure enamel, a technique that has proved useful with sound and carious smooth surface enamel [Pearce et al, 1995]. A second objective was to determine the relationship between variations in F concentration and the occurrence of demineralised areas in fissure enamel and underlying dentine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluoride in Enamel Lining Pits and Fissures of the Occlusal Groove–Fossa System in Human Molar Teeth

Pearce

Larsen²,

Coote

1999

Caries Res

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The fluoride (F) distribution in enamel lining the occlusal fissures of human molars and premolars is difficult to investigate by normal microsampling techniques, yet this information is of importance as fissures are particularly susceptible to caries. We have used the proton probe to map the distribution of F and Ca in sections of 17 molar teeth collected from Danish and New Zealand populations. The caries status of the sectioned fissure was determined by microradiography or visually after drying. The probe scans were graphed as density images, surface plots and topographical plots. Sound enamel bordering grooves and fissures showed a high–F surface layer, in 1 sample approximately 60 μm wide near the fissure bottom but gradually widening to double this width near the fissure opening, and up to 200 μm wide in grooves, while underlying enamel had a low and almost constant F level. In this respect fissure and groove enamel resembled smooth surface enamel. The F concentration fluctuated along the surface layer, reaching maximum values ranging from 1,800 to 4,200 ppm in 5 non–carious fissures. Incipient caries in fissure enamel usually but not always resulted in an increase in F in the outer layer, the F maximum values in 5 such samples ranging from 1,900 to 7,200 ppm. F maximum values in outer enamel were higher in 7 samples showing advanced caries, 2,700–10,000 ppm. The lesion subsurface body usually showed normal F values, as did carious dentine in the advanced lesions. The variable characteristics of the outer layer in sound fissure enamel are likely to be the result of a developmental process rather than environmental influences. The fact that we normally failed to find increased F concentrations in subsurface carious fissure enamel or in underlying carious dentine suggests that F does not diffuse into the deep part of fissure lesions, and probably has minimal effect on slowing the progress of such lesions, a suggestion in accord with clinical findings on the F effect on fissure caries.

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“…In the last 50 years, fluoride has been claimed to be effective in preventing the caries process through inhibiting demineralization and increasing remineralization by forming fluorapatite and calcium fluoride as well as inhibiting the work of bacterial enzymes through antimicrobial activities (Kirkham et al, 1994;Torgay et al, 1994;Pearce et al, 1995;Cury and Tenuta, 2009 Research, 2000). Recent consensus claims that fluoride is no longer used systemically but rather used locally through direct application on the teeth (Cury and Tenuta, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of alkaloids of Indonesian Cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.) and its effect on tooth enamel hardness

Permatasari¹,

Suniarti²,

Herda³

et al. 2016

J. Med. Plants Res.

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Dental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. Enamel is the outer layer of the tooth that is important to protect tooth against caries. Until now, fluoride is well known as one of the reinforcing materials which effectively prevent enamel from dental caries, but the side effects of fluorosis remain debatable because the dose that causes it can not be measured. Therefore, the development of alternative reinforcing materials which are relatively safe in an effort to prevent tooth enamel caries is still required. Theobromine, one of three types of alkaloids contained in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) has been reported to prevent caries by increasing the resistance of tooth enamel tissue. Two types of local clones of Indonesian cocoa beans, Sulawesi 1 (S1) and Sulawesi 2 (S2), were analyzed for its alkaloid's characteristics using HPLC, and its influence on the enamel hardness were determined using Vickers hardness tester machine. The difference in the value of Vickers hardness numbers (VHN) of tooth enamel were analyzed using oneway ANOVA (p <0.05). Optimal concentration and immersion time was obtained by comparing three types of Theobomine solution concentration (0.1%, of 0.05%, and a 0.01%) and three kinds of immersion time (1 h, 30 min, and 15 min). VHN value is highest in the group of single theobromine 0.1% -1 h (p = 0.000). VHN values of mixed group of alkaloids S1 -1 h showed significant differences with the group buffer (negative control) (p = 0.028) and did not differ significantly with single theobromine group of 0.05% -1 h (p = 1.000), 0.1% -30 min (p = 1.000), 0.1% -15 min (p = 1.000) and a 0.01% -1 h (p = 0685). The alkaloids content of Sulawesi 1 with a mixture ratio of alkaloids theobromine: theophyline: Caffeine, 6: 1 : 1, affected tooth enamel hardness.

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The Distribution of Fluoride in Carious Human Enamel

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Remineralization and acid resistance of enamel lesions after chewing gum containing fluoride extracted from green tea

Remineralization and acid resistance of enamel lesions after chewing gum containing fluoride extracted from green tea

Fluoride in Enamel Lining Pits and Fissures of the Occlusal Groove–Fossa System in Human Molar Teeth

Identification of alkaloids of Indonesian Cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.) and its effect on tooth enamel hardness

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