The distribution of a 400 mg. dose of ampicillin administered orally to calves

Pj, Larkin

doi:10.1136/vr.90.17.476

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…56 Amoxicillin trihydrate is preferred to ampicillin tri-hydrate for oral administration in calves because it is labeled for the treatment of calf diarrhea in the United States and is absorbed to a much greater extent. 32,55,57 However, a field study comparing amoxicillin (400 mg PO q12h) and ampicillin (400 mg PO q12h) treatments for diarrhea reported similar proportions of calves with a good to excellent clinical response (49/62 ϭ 79% for amoxicillin bolus, 59/74 ϭ 80% for amoxicillin powder, 47/65 ϭ 65% for ampicillin bolus, P Ͼ .30 for all comparisons). 58 The addition of clavulanate potassium to amoxicillin trihydrate is recommended because clavulanate potassium is a potent irreversible inhibitor of ␤-lactamase, increasing the antimicrobial spectrum of activity.…”

Section: Overgrowth Of the Small Intestinementioning

confidence: 95%

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Constable

2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

131

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Calves with diarrhea often have small intestinal overgrowth with Escherichia coli bacteria, regardless of the inciting cause for the diarrhea, and 30% of systemically ill calves with diarrhea have bacteremia, predominantly because of E coli. Antimicrobial treatment of diarrheic calves should therefore be focused against E coli in the small intestine and blood, the 2 sites of infection. Fecal bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not recommended in calves with diarrhea because fecal bacterial populations do not accurately reflect small intestinal or blood bacterial populations and because the break points for susceptibility test results have not been validated. Antimicrobial efficacy is therefore best evaluated by the clinical response of a number of calves to treatment, with calves randomly assigned to treatment groups. Amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, and tetracycline administered PO are currently labeled in the United States for the treatment of calf diarrhea. On the basis of published evidence for the oral administration of these antimicrobial agents, only amoxicillin can be recommended for the treatment of diarrhea. Dosage recommendations are amoxicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg PO q12h) or amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium (12.5 mg combined drug/kg PO q12h) for at least 3 days; the latter constitutes extra-label drug use. Parenteral administration of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antimicrobials--ceftiofur (2.2 mg/kg IM or SC q12h) and amoxicillin or ampicillin (10 mg/kg IM q12h)--or potentiated sulfonamides (25 mg/kg IV or IM q24h) is recommended for treating calves with diarrhea and systemic illness; both constitute extra-label drug use. In calves with diarrhea and no systemic illness (normal appetite for milk, no fever), it is recommended that the health of the calf be monitored and that oral or parenteral antimicrobials not be administered.

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Section: Overgrowth Of the Small Intestinementioning

confidence: 95%

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Constable

2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

131

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“…It may be possible that the poorly absorbed ampicillin was mainly excreted in metabolized form or was excreted through routes other than the kidneys. It has been shown that ampicillin is mainly metabolized in the liver and excreted in very high concentrations in bile (5,12,13). Thus, in goats like sheep (18) the renal excretion of unchanged ampicillin is a much less important route of elimination compared to other species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition Kinetics, Renal Clearance and Excretion of Ampicillin after Oral Administration in Goats

Nawaz

Tabassum

Iqbal

et al. 1990

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

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Disposition kinetics, renal clearance and urinary excretion of ampicillin were determined after oral administration of 10mg/kg in 8 goats. Peak plasma concentration 1.86 f 0.14 pmol/l was attained at 117 f 11 min after oral administration. Half-time of absorption was 28.7 f 5.8 minutes and that of elimination was 135 f 15 minutes. Total area under plasma concentration versus time curve was 9.16 f 0.97pmol. h/l. Total body clearance of ampicillin was 52.1 f 4.2 and renal clearance was 0.07 f 0.008 ml/min . kg. The renal handling of ampicillin involved glomerular filtration and back diffusion.

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“…Despite the use of penicillin G for many decades to treat lactating cows and the feeding of the withheld milk to calves, no definitive studies could be found on the bioavailability or disposition of penicillin G in the calf after ingestion of milk containing subtherapeutic concentrations of penicillin G. Research has been published on the bioavailability of other β ‐lactams in the calf (Larkin, 1972; Palmer et al ., 1977; Ziv et al ., 1977; Ziv & Horsey, 1979; Palmer et al ., 1983; Soback et al ., 1987), but not penicillin G. Penicillin G is degraded in the stomach by gastric acid resulting in limited absorption, however, the reported percentage of the dose absorbed (bioavailability) is quite varied (Huber, 1982; Knifton, 1982; Riviere et al ., 1991; Nathwani & Wood, 1993; Rang et al ., 1995; Mandell & William, 1996). The possibility of penicillin G causing drug residues when calves are fed waste milk has been suggested (Kesler, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves

Musser

Anderson

2001

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Eighteen 1-week-old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) sodium penicillin G administered intravenously, (b) sodium penicillin G administered orally, or (c) procaine penicillin G administered orally. All calves were dosed with penicillin G at 4.0 mg/kg BW. At 5 weeks of age, the calves were dosed again. Blood samples were taken serially for 24 h after both dosings. Plasma was assayed for penicillin G by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For i.v. administration, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), 7456 and 5508 ng/mL h, and systemic clearance, 0.54 and 0.73 L/kg h, were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 1 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. There were no significant differences between orally administered sodium and procaine penicillin G within the same age groups. Following oral (p.o.) administration, there were significant differences (P < 0.01) at 1 and 5 weeks of age in the AUC, 760 and 409 ng/mL h, terminal half-life, 2.1 and 1.6 h, time of maximum concentration (TMAX), 3.0 and 2.3 h, and maximum plasma concentration (CMAX), 85 and 58 ng/mL, respectively. Bioavailability was 10.2 and 7.4% at 1 and 5 weeks, respectively.

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The distribution of a 400 mg. dose of ampicillin administered orally to calves

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Disposition Kinetics, Renal Clearance and Excretion of Ampicillin after Oral Administration in Goats

Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves

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