The Distribution and Fate of <sup>14</sup>C‐Chloramphenicol in the New‐born Pig

Appelgren, Lars‐Erik; Eberhardson, Bo; Martin, K.; Slanina, Premysl

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb01035.x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…dosing of eight newborn pigs with 0.52 mg/kg b.w. 14 C-labelled chloramphenicol (dichloroacetyl-1,2-14 C,D(-)-threo form), liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle radioactivity levels were 2.27-, 2.02-, and 1.09-fold higher than those found in blood, respectively (Appelgren et al, 1982). (position of the label, number of animals, breed and weight not specified), the peak concentration (5.1 mg/L) was reached after 3 hours; 96 hours after dosing, only about 60 % of the administered drug was excreted in urine (53.5 %) and in faeces (5.7 %) indicating a tendency for chloramphenicol to be accumulated in tissues.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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“…About 5%-15% of oral CAP can be filtered through the glomerulus and discharged into the urine to achieve effective antibacterial concentrations. Thus, CAP is also used to treat urinary tract infections [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new ophthalmic formulation for infection control by combining collagen/gelatin/alginate biomaterial with liposomal chloramphenicol

Chang¹,

Luo²,

Huang³

et al. 2020

Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express

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Eye drops are a conventional method of drug delivery to the eye, accounting for 90% of currently accessible ophthalmic formulations. The major problem with eye drop treatments is rapid pre-corneal drug loss. Furthermore, the need for frequent administration of eye drops can profoundly affect the quality of life of ophthalmological patients. In the current study, we developed a liposomal nanoparticle encapsulated with chloramphenicol mixed with biodegradable materials against ophthalmological disease. We first established a protocol for chloramphenicol (CAP) loaded into liposomal nanoparticle (LipoCAP). We also established the collagen/gelatin/sodium alginate (CGA) as the component of biodegradable polymers and calibrated the novel drug-releasing formulation. Finally, we combined LipoCAP with CGA to generate an 8-h degradable ophthalmic chloramphenicol gel, CGA-LipoCAP-8. CGA-LipoCAP-8 reached the effective working concentration in 75 min and prolonged the drug-releasing time for at least 12 h. In addition, CGA-LipoCAP-8 could stably and continuously inhibit E. coli proliferation. The inhibiting phenomenon was more pronounced over time. Furthermore, there were no significant toxicities observed when CGA-LipoCAP-8 co-cultured with ocular epithelial cells. In conclusion, CGA-LipoCAP-8 achieved effective CAP dose concentrations in a short time and sustained CAP release for a prolonged period. Our results provide an innovative concept in relation to novel drug-release formulations, with safety and efficiency supporting use in future treatments for ophthalmological diseases.

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