The Discovery of the Intestinal Protozoa of Man.

Dobell, Clifford

doi:10.1177/003591572001301601

Cited by 61 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The earliest studies of the presence of gut microbes in humans, dated back to the late 17th century, were by the Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered gut microbiota in his excrement. With more advanced laboratory techniques, the importance of host-microbe interactions in the human holobiont is now progressively being uncovered (13). The human body is colonized by commensal microorganisms, predominately bacteria that have coevolved in symbiosis with their host.…”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology

Visvalingam

Wahli

2019

FASEB j.

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The human gut is colonized by commensal microorganisms, predominately bacteria that have coevolved in symbiosis with their host. The gut microbiota has been extensively studied in recent years, and many important findings on how it can regulate host metabolism have been unraveled. In healthy individuals, feeding timing and type of food can influence not only the composition but also the circadian oscillation of the gut microbiota. Host feeding habits thus influence the type of microbe‐derived metabolites produced and their concentrations throughout the day. These microbe‐derived metabolites influence many aspects of host physiology, including energy metabolism and circadian rhythm. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand‐activated transcription factors that regulate various metabolic processes such as fatty acid metabolism. Similar to the gut microbiota, PPAR expression in various organs oscillates diurnally, and studies have shown that the gut microbiota can influence PPAR activities in various metabolic organs. For example, short‐chain fatty acids, the most abundant type of metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota, are PPAR agonists. In this review, we highlight how the gut microbiota can regulate PPARs in key metabolic organs, namely, in the intestines, liver, and muscle. Knowing that the gut microbiota impacts metabolism and is altered in individuals with metabolic diseases might allow treatment of these patients using noninvasive procedures such as gut microbiota manipulation.—Oh, H. Y. P., Visvalingam, V., Wahli, W. The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology. FASEB J. 33, 9706–9730 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

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Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology

Visvalingam

Wahli

2019

FASEB j.

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“…In that letter, van Leeuwenhoek described what he observed in his stool sample using his single lens microscope. Dobell (1920) concluded from van Leeuwenhoek's description that these were Giardia trophozoites (Ford, 2005), but there was no evidence that van Leeuwenhoek could as well as differences in virulence and pathogenicity of G. duodenalis isolates are recognised as important determinants for the severity of infection (Thompson et al, 1993;Buret, 1994;Homan and Mank, 2001). Their bodies were somewhat longer than broad, and their belly, which was fl attish, furnished with sundry little paws, wherewith they made such a stir in the clear medium and among the globules, that you might even fancy you saw a woodlouse running up against a wall; and albeit they made a quick motion with their paws, yet for all that they made but slow progress."…”

Section: Early Studies and Their Impact On Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Human Giardiasis

Smith

Mank²

2011

Giardia

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“…The development of a PCR assay targeting the genes whip1 and whip2 has been a major step forward and is nowadays the test of choice, especially in symptomatic patients without typical histopathological findings in intestinal biopsies (sickleform particle-containing cells on periodic acid-Schiff (PAS-)stained biopsy specimens) [49]. [119], microscopic detection of protozoan cysts and trophozoites has been the most widely used diagnostic approach. On fresh stool samples, direct microscopy is performed by mixing a small amount of faeces with a physiological 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.…”

Section: Tropheryma Whippleimentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPersistent digestive disorders account for considerable disease burden in the tropics. Despite advances in understanding acute gastrointestinal infections, important issues concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of most persistent digestive symptomatologies remain to be elucidated. Helminths and intestinal protozoa are considered to play major roles, but the full extent of the aetiologic spectrum is still unclear. We provide an overview of pathogens causing digestive disorders in the tropics and evaluate available reference tests.MethodsWe searched the literature to identify pathogens that might give rise to persistent diarrhoea, chronic abdominal pain and/or blood in the stool. We reviewed existing laboratory diagnostic methods for each pathogen and stratified them by (i) microscopy; (ii) culture techniques; (iii) immunological tests; and (iv) molecular methods. Pathogen-specific reference tests providing highest diagnostic accuracy are described in greater detail.ResultsOver 30 pathogens may cause persistent digestive disorders. Bacteria, viruses and parasites are important aetiologic agents of acute and long-lasting symptomatologies. An integrated approach, consisting of stool culture, microscopy and/or specific immunological techniques for toxin, antigen and antibody detection, is required for accurate diagnosis of bacteria and parasites. Molecular techniques are essential for sensitive diagnosis of many viruses, bacteria and intestinal protozoa, and are increasingly utilised as adjuncts for helminth identification.ConclusionsDiagnosis of the broad spectrum of intestinal pathogens is often cumbersome. There is a need for rapid diagnostic tests that are simple and affordable for resource-constrained settings, so that the management of patients suffering from persistent digestive disorders can be improved.

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The Discovery of the Intestinal Protozoa of Man.

Abstract: Under the title " A Letter of Mr. Anthony Leuwenhook (sic) dated from Delft, Nov. 4th. 1681. Containing an account of several new Discoveries made by him this last Summer.

Cited by 61 publications

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The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology

The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology

Diagnosis of Human Giardiasis

Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests

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