The Directional Effects of Skin

Ridge, M.D.; Wright, V.

doi:10.1038/jid.1966.54

Cited by 117 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The collagen fibres are the major structural component of the dermis, accounting for 60-80% of the dermis dry weight (Dombi and Haut, 1985;Reihsner et al, 1995), running along Langer's lines (Langer, 1978). In vivo experiments conducted by Ridge and Wright (1966) using a uniaxial extensometer have shown that tensile orientation of the Langer's lines was related to the orientation of the collagen network. Consequently, the constitutive behaviour of skin mainly depends upon the structure, density, and directionality (Nimni et al, 1966;Vogel, 1987) of the collagen fibres found within the dermal layer (Shergold et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

An experimental study of the mouse skin behaviour: Damage and inelastic aspects

Muñoz

Bea

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2008

Journal of Biomechanics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

An experimental study of the mouse skin behaviour: Damage and inelastic aspects

Muñoz

Bea

Rodrı́guez

et al. 2008

Journal of Biomechanics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In vivo, skin is often under tension in its natural configuration [23,24]; therefore, studying skin from a fully relaxed starting configuration may not be necessary. However, we reasoned that our test of bat wing membrane skin should capture a fully relaxed configuration, because bats fold their wings, compressing the large wing surface area into a small volume, potentially placing the wing membrane in a tension-free state.…”

Section: Uniaxial Tensile Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wrinkle in flight: the role of elastin fibres in the mechanical behaviour of bat wing membranes

Cheney

Konow

Bearnot

et al. 2015

J. R. Soc. Interface.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bats fly using a thin wing membrane composed of compliant, anisotropic skin. Wing membrane skin deforms dramatically as bats fly, and its threedimensional configurations depend, in large part, on the mechanical behaviour of the tissue. Large, macroscopic elastin fibres are an unusual mechanical element found in the skin of bat wings. We characterize the fibre orientation and demonstrate that elastin fibres are responsible for the distinctive wrinkles in the surrounding membrane matrix. Uniaxial mechanical testing of the wing membrane, both parallel and perpendicular to elastin fibres, is used to distinguish the contribution of elastin and the surrounding matrix to the overall membrane mechanical behaviour. We find that the matrix is isotropic within the plane of the membrane and responsible for bearing load at high stress; elastin fibres are responsible for membrane anisotropy and only contribute substantially to load bearing at very low stress. The architecture of elastin fibres provides the extreme extensibility and self-folding/self-packing of the wing membrane skin. We relate these findings to flight with membrane wings and discuss the aeromechanical significance of elastin fibre pre-stress, membrane excess length, and how these parameters may aid bats in resisting gusts and preventing membrane flutter.

show abstract

“…2a). The uniaxial testing approach underpins three basic arguments concerning the capacity of skin to respond to external loads: (1) the Langer lines are associated with the preferred orientation for the dermal fibres and the direction of maximum skin stiffness (Ridge and Wright 1965;Hukins 1983); (2) skin structure changes under tensile stress which tends to reduce the spread of fibre orientation so that fibre reorientation is one way in which the skin tissue responds to mechanical deformation (Ridge and Wright 1965;Menton et al 1978;Hukins 1983); (3) dermal fibres provide the greatest load-bearing capacity in the preferred orientation, but in the direction transverse to the preferred orientation, the capacity to bear load is conferred on a limited number of fibres (not in the preferred orientation) and PG-rich matrix and fibril-bound PGs (Hukins 1983;Lynch et al 2003).…”

Section: Tensile Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The anisotropy of skin addresses the orientation of the collagen fibres, as well as elastic fibres (Bush et al 2008), and the proportion of these fibres that could be recruited into tension for resisting the load that tends to rupture the tissue. The orientation of these fibres is thought to be related to the clinically observed Langer's lines-which are identified with the direction of maximum tension (Ridge and Wright 1965). Nevertheless, the distribution of the Langer lines varies with the age of individuals as well as location on the body, and this presents a difficulty in establishing a universal description of the pattern of maximum tension (Ridge and Wright 1965;Gibson et al 1969;Hussein 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Wong

Joyce

Goh

2015

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanical response of skin to external loads is influenced by anisotropy and viscoelasticity of the tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a study of the main effects of tissue orientation (TO, which is linked to anisotropy) and strain rate (SR, a measure of viscoelasticity), as well as the interaction effects between the two factors, on the tensile properties of skin from a porcine model. Tensile testing to rupture of porcine skin tissue was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the tissue modulus of elasticity (E) and fracture-related properties, namely maximum stress (σU) and strain (εU) at σU, to varying SR and TO. Specimens were excised from the abdominal skin in two orientations, namely parallel (P) and right angle (R) to the torso midline. Each TO was investigated at three SR levels, namely 0.007-0.015 s(-1) (low), 0.040 s(-1) (mid) and 0.065 s(-1) (high). Two-factor analysis of variance revealed that the respective parameters responded differently to varying SR and TO. Significant changes in the σU were observed with different TOs but not with SR. The εU decreased significantly with increasing SR, but no significant variation was observed for different TOs. Significant changes in E were observed with different TOs; E increased significantly with increasing SR. More importantly, the respective mechanical parameters were not significantly influenced by interactions between SR and TO. These findings suggest that the trends associated with the changes in the skin mechanical properties may be attributed partly to differences in the anisotropy and viscoelasticity but not through any interaction between viscoelasticity and anisotropy.

show abstract

The Directional Effects of Skin

Cited by 117 publications

References 3 publications

An experimental study of the mouse skin behaviour: Damage and inelastic aspects

An experimental study of the mouse skin behaviour: Damage and inelastic aspects

A wrinkle in flight: the role of elastin fibres in the mechanical behaviour of bat wing membranes

Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About