The diminishing importance of nitrogen dioxide emissions from road vehicle exhaust

Carslaw, David C.; Farren, Naomi J.; Vaughan, Adam; Drysdale, Will S.; Young, Soogil; Lee, James

doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2018.100002

Cited by 43 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It has been demonstrated here for diesel cars, that the established modelling is based on emissions which can be magnitudes lower than it is in reality, while at the same time emission species essential for human health are not yet considered (e.g., the PN emissions). Regarding the elevated, real-world close, NO x emissions as they have been modelled here for diesel cars: Current remote-sensing data exhibited that very recent Euro 6-diesel cars are emitting 30-88% less NO x than when compared with the 2015 level [14]. As from our data, we cannot discriminate the NO x effect from the effects of the other elevated species emissions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

2020

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This study compares the environmental impacts of petrol, diesel, natural gas, and electric vehicles using a process-based attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe characterization method that captures 18 impact categories and the single score endpoints. Unlike common practice, we derive the cradle-to-grave inventories from an originally combustion engine VW Caddy that was disassembled and electrified in our laboratory, and its energy consumption was measured on the road. Ecoivent 2.2 and 3.0 emission inventories were contrasted exhibiting basically insignificant impact deviations. Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory for the diesel car was additionally updated with recent real-world close emission values and revealed strong increases over four midpoint impact categories, when matched with the standard Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory. Producing batteries with photovoltaic electricity instead of Chinese coal-based electricity decreases climate impacts of battery production by 69%. Break-even mileages for the electric VW Caddy to pass the combustion engine models under various conditions in terms of climate change impact ranged from 17,000 to 310,000 km. Break-even mileages, when contrasting the VW Caddy and a mini car (SMART), which was as well electrified, did not show systematic differences. Also, CO 2 -eq emissions in terms of passenger kilometers travelled (54-158 g CO 2 -eq/PKT) are fairly similar based on 1 person travelling in the mini car and 1.57 persons in the mid-sized car (VW Caddy). Additionally, under optimized conditions (battery production and use phase utilizing renewable electricity), the two electric cars can compete well in terms of CO 2 -eq emissions per passenger kilometer with other traffic modes (diesel bus, coach, trains) over lifetime. Only electric buses were found to have lower life cycle carbon emissions (27-52 g CO 2 -eq/PKT) than the two electric passenger cars.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Real-world NO x emissions of diesel cars did not begin to decrease before the year 2015. Corresponding to this, there has been no significant difference until 2015 in the NO x emissions between Euro 5 and Euro 6 diesel cars [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

2020

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“…In diesel vehicles, however, emissions of NOx, CO, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), PM, and particle number (PN) are all regulated. Furthermore, certain gasoline-, LPG-, and diesel-powered vehicles are subject to additional regulations concerning emission of NH 3 and CH 4 [1], as described in Table 1. a Hydrocarbons (HC) content is measured at the tailpipe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As reported by O'Driscoll et al, CO 2 emission from gasoline vehicles when driving in urban areas increases by 13-66% compared to that from EURO-5-and EURO-6-compliant diesel vehicles equipped with a portable emission-measurement system (PEMS) [2]. Although recent researches demonstrate that direct NO 2 emissions from newer diesel vehicles have been decreased substantially through a more stringent EURO standard, it still constitutes the main reason behind affecting ambient-NO 2 concentration at roadside locations because of high NOx-emitter diesel vehicles between EURO 3 and EURO 5 standards [3,4] and the fact that NO emissions of some large diesel vehicles have not been decreasing as expected [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Emission Factors Concerning Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests

et al. 2019

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Gaseous emissions from vehicles contribute substantially to air pollution and climate change. Vehicular emissions also contain secondary pollutants produced via chemical reactions that occur between the emitted gases and atmospheric air. This study aims at understanding patterns concerning emission of regulated, greenhouse, and precursor gases, which demonstrate potential for secondary aerosol (SA) formation, from vehicles incorporating different engine technologies—multi-point injection (MPI) and gasoline direct injection (GDI)—and using different fuels—gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel. Drive cycles from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) were used in this study. Results obtained from drive cycle tests demonstrate a decline in aggregate gas emissions corresponding to an increase in average vehicle speed. CO2 accounts for more than 99% of aggregate gaseous emissions. In terms of concentration, CO and NH3 form predominantly non-CO2 emissions from gasoline and LPG vehicles, whereas nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) dominate diesel-vehicle emissions. A higher percentage of SO2 is emitted from diesel vehicles compared to their gasoline- and LPG-powered counterparts. EURO-5- and EURO-6-compliant vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) tend to emit higher amounts of NO2 compared to EURO-3-compliant vehicles, which are not equipped with DPFs. Vehicles incorporating GDI tend to emit less CO2 compared to those incorporating MPI, albeit at the expense of increased CO emissions. The authors believe that results reported in this paper concerning regulated and unregulated pollutant-emission monitoring can contribute towards an accurate evaluation of both primary and secondary air-pollution scenarios in Korea.

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“…However, as NO easily converts to NO 2 in the air, it is of utmost importance to limit emissions of both NO and NO 2 . In this end, preventive measures, which principally concern 29 the transport sector, have been taken by policies [16][17][18] . In London, the reduction of traffic emissions is one of the main concerns of the air quality strategy [19,20] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ investigation of NOᵪ photocatalytic degradation: Case study in an open space office in Manchester, UK

Hot¹,

Bradley²,

Cooper³

et al. 2019

Health Environ

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Indoor air is contaminated by numerous pollutants, which impact human health, comfort and productivity. These pollutants have various indoor sources such as building materials, furniture, combustion appliances or tobacco smoke. However, the pollution also comes from outside. In urban area, nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emitted into the atmosphere can reach alarming levels. These traffic-related pollutants, which seriously impact the global environment and human health, can infiltrate inside buildings. Therefore, limiting the amount of breathable NO x in outdoor and indoor environments is an important priority for the modern society. The photocatalytic process has attracted particular attention in the last two decades and has proved to be efficient to reduce the concentration of NO x . However, further work has to be conducted to assess its efficiency in real indoor environments. The purpose of this paper was to report on the indoor air quality in an open space office in Manchester, UK. Focus was made on nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The indoor concentrations of both gases were monitored from 14 January 2019 to 7 April 2019. During this period, a photocatalytic coating was applied to a part of the indoor wall. The influence of this coating on the level of NO x was assessed by comparing the indoor concentrations before and after the application. An attention was paid to the correlation between outdoor and indoor pollution and to the effect of other parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure and ozone (O 3 ) concentration. The results showed that the photocatalytic process led to a decrease in the NO x concentration. The likelihood to find concentrations above 35 ppb for NO and 7.5 ppb for NO 2 was clearly reduced after the coating application.

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The diminishing importance of nitrogen dioxide emissions from road vehicle exhaust

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions

Characterization of Emission Factors Concerning Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests

In situ investigation of NOᵪ photocatalytic degradation: Case study in an open space office in Manchester, UK

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