The diffusion mechanism of tin into glass governed by redox reactions during the float process

Non-destructive surface characterization of float glass: X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis

“…The TXRF results reveal a rectangular concentration profile for in depth distribution of impurity elements. Our results of depth profile for Sn and Fe in a float glass closely agree to that determined by using SIMS Townsend and Hayashi et al [17,20].…”

“…Earlier studies for depth analysis of tin, using XRR technique, has shown that diffusion of Sn takes place only in a few angstroms regime at the float glass surface. On the other hand, the studies performed using RBS, SIMS in conjunction with chemical etching technique have shown the diffusion of tin in micrometer regime [19][20][21]. The difference in the conclusions arises due to fact that most of the works have been done on different commercial float glass samples and it is difficult to maintain exact reproducible physical and chemical condition in different steps of float process.…”

“…Another reason corresponds to relative sensitivities and uncertainties in different analytical techniques used for characterization. Recently, a more elaborate study has been done by Hayashi et al [20] for better understanding of diffusion mechanism of tin into float glass using a laboratory scale float apparatus. They used SIMS as a characterization technique for determining tin diffusion.…”

Simulation of tin penetration process in the surface layer of soda-lime-silica float glass

“…Once tin is oxidized into +4 state, it becomes immobile in the glass. The rate of redox reaction varies dramatically at the boundary of reduced layer, the accumulation of Sn 4+ forms the satellite peak at this boundary, as shown in Figure 1 [17,18].…”

Tin in silicate glasses: structure, thermodynamics and kinetics

“…SnO 2 is often added to glasses as a refining agent and is therefore technologically interesting. During the float process the glass melt is cast on liquid tin which diffuses into the glass [1][2][3]. At the same time, the glass is in direct contact with a protective hydrogen containing atmosphere, which may lead to a transformation of the dissolved SnO 2 to the volatile SnO at the atmosphere-glass interface.…”